illlBM^ 


^««^^^^^^^^^^^ 


THE  AMERICAN  SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 


.:.-:\- 


HAND-BOOK 

OF 

ANGLO-SAXOI  OETHOGMPHY. 

INTWOPARTS. 


jFfrst  ^art. 
ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND  ITS  MATERIALS. 

.Sccontt  ^art. 
STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXO.'^  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


The^rms,  which  occur  most  frequently  in  discourse,  or  which  recall  Uie  most  vivid  conceptions,  are 
Kon." — Editi,  Rev. 
verily,  was  Uie  glory  of  the  English  tongue  before  the  Norman  conquest."— Camdtn, 


BY 

^  Citerarg  2l00ortaticn. 


\  ISTEW-YORK : 

^^PRINTED    AND    PUBLISHED    BY   JOHN    A.    GRAY, 

97     CLIFF    STREET. 

1852. 
[second  edition.] 


I 


^7/ 


Entered    according    to    Act    of    Congress,    in    tlie    year    1853, 

33ii  3amcs  Sitott  anli  Soljn  E.  (Ci^apman, 

FOR   A    riTIRART    ASSOCIATION, 

In  ttie  Clerk's  Office  of  tbe  District  Court  of    the  United  States  for  the  Southern  District 
of  New-York. 


ii^-d^^^^  ^^'^ 


-^^w-^/   -  CcS.  c^s^ot^Y 


^:.  "^ 


THE  LITERARY  ASSOCIATION 


READER  OF  THE  HAXD-BOOK  OF  A^^GLO-SAXOI  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


TuK  Literary  Association,  anticipating  the  inquiries  wliicii  this  work  must  awaken,  intro- 
duce thenaselves  at  once  to  the  reader.  The  following  statement,  it  is  hoped,  will  meet  all 
such  inquiries. 

The  Association  was  called  into  existence  by  the  increased  interest  in  education  which  has 
marked  the  history  of  our  nation  for  the  last  ten  years.  They  were  placed  at  once  in  circum 
stances  in  which  they  had  to  examine  the  school  literature  of  the  United  States. 

At  the  close  of  this  investigation,  which  extended  through  years,  the  Association,  though 
profoundly  impressed  by  the  activity  of  the  American  mind  in  this  department  of  letters, 
could  not  avoid  the  conviction  that  the  school-books  had  not  been  prepared  with  aufficieat 
reference  to  the  laws  of  the  human  mind. 

With  this  impression,  the  Association  entered  upon  a  new  field  of  labor.  They  proceeded 
to  interrogate  the  humjui  mind,  and  ascertain  its  general  laws.  They  freely  discussed  such 
questions  as  these:  "  Does  the  mind  grow  ?  Is  its  growth  the  unfolding  of  native  energies? 
How  does  it  grow  ?  By  what  laws  ¥  By  what  methods  ?  For  instance,  How  does  the  human 
mind  acquire  lavguage  ? 

In  answering  the  last  question,  it  was  ascertained  that  the  mind  first  acquires  the  names 
of  things,  or  nmns ;  next,  the  names  of  qualities,  or  adjectives;  and  then,  the  names  of 
actions,  or  verbs ;  and  that  this  seems  to  be  a  law  of  the  human  mind. 

The  lland-Book  of  Anglo-Saxon  Orthography  grew  out  of  the  discovery  of  this  and  other 
laws  of  the  human  mind.  In  executing  it,  the  Association  proceeded  to  a  careful  analysis 
of  the  English  language. 

They  ascertained  it  to  be  a  composite  language,  and  like  the  great  American  nation,  Unum 
«  Plur.bus.  They  determined  the  relation  of  its  various  elements.  They  found  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  to  be  the  stock  ;  the  Celtic,  Gothic,  French,  Latin,  and  Greek  elements,  to  be  engraft- 
ures.  In  this  order,  they  resolved  to  present  them  in  the  study  of  the  Orthography  of  the 
English  language. 

The  next  care  of  the  Association  was  to  determine  the  principles  of  the  growth  of  words, 
as  seen  in  their  composition  and  derivation.  (See  pp.  23,  24  )  Compositioiu,  they  considered 
a  form  of  (rrowth^  which  takes  place  by  the  union  of  whole  words;  derivation^  a  form  of 
growtk  that  takes  place  by  the  addition  of  parts  of  words,  which  are  known  as  terminations, 
suffixes,  and  prefixes.    (See  p.  25.) 


Mi^5C>J5aO 


TO  THE  READER. 

The  terminations  were  determined  and  classified  under  the  heads  of  number,  gender,  case, 
comparison,  person,  and  tense.  There  are  only  nine  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin.  (See  p.  25,  at 
the  bottom.) 

The  suflSxes  were  also  ascertained  and  arranged.  They  are  twenty-five  in  number.  (See  p. 
30.    Their  meaning  and  use  are  exhibited  from  pp.  30  to  40.) 

TJie  prefixes  were  next  examined,  and  their  nature  and  number  settled.  They  are  eighteen 
in  number.    Their  meaning  and  use  are  set  forth  from  pp.  41  to  45. 

The  terminations,  suffixes,  and  prefixes,  thus  determined,  are  presented  at  one  view  on  page 
50.    They  form  (he  whole  materials  of  the  growth  of  Anglo-Saxon  words. 

All  these  things  the  Association  concluded  to  bring  together  in  the  First  Part  of  the 
Hand-Book,  under  the  head  of  Instructions.    They  are  things  to  be  known. 

Cut  how  shall  these  instructions  be  studied  ?  The  Association,  after  due  deliberation,  pro- 
pose three  ways,  any  one  of  which  may  be  adopted,  according  to  the  circumstances  and 
wants  of  the  child.  They  may  be  studied  by  written  or  oral  analysis.  They  may  also  be 
studied  topically.,  or  as  subjects.  The  child  may  take  up  the  topic  of  the  Instruction,  study 
and  recite  it  in  the  order  in  which  it  is  presented,  attending  to  the  name,  origin,  definition, 
the  THING  for  which  the  word  stands,  and  show  the  correctness  of  his  knowledge  by  giving 
INSTANCES.    Thus  he  may  recite  the  first  Instruction : — 

The  word,  orthography,  is  derived  from  two  Greek  words,  and  means  correct  writing.  This 
study  is  not  a  new  one.  It  was  commenced  when  the  first  word  was  spelled  or  written.  The 
field  of  orthography  is  the  written  word.  It  teaches  us  to  represent  words  by  letters.  If  I 
spell  or  write  the  word,  book,  for  instance,  it  is  an  exercise  in  orthography. 

The  Association  proceeded  to  apply  the  materials  of  the  first  part  of  the  Hand-Book  and 
form  a  second  part,  which  should  consist  of  Studies  instead  of  Instructions. 

The  law  of  mind,  according  to  which  the  child  acquires,  first,  nouns,  next  adjectives,  and 
then  verbs,  was  made  the  basis  of  the  classification  of  words,  and  the  words  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin  arranged  accordingly  in  these  three  groups.  In  carrying  out  this  classification  in 
its  details,  radical  nouns  are  presented,  and  in  connection  with  them,  their  terminations, 
suflixes,  and  prefixes.  In  this  way,  the  child  is  led  forth  from  home,  and  passes  over  all  the 
objects  that  lie  between  it  and  heaven,  gathering  up  their  names  Next  adjectives  are  taken 
up,  and  then  verbs.  They  are  presented  and  studied  In  the  same  way  as  the  noun.  (For  the 
entire  classification,  see  page  8,  of  the  Contents ;  also  pages  55,  102,  115  ) 

In  addition  to  this,  the  Association  added  instances,  giving  the  use  of  words.  This  is  ex- 
plained in  the  plan  of  study,  on  page  54.  Attention  is  constantly  directed  to  it  in  the  first 
word  of  every  Study,  which  should  serve  as  a  model  for  all  the  other  words,  radical  and 
derivative. 

An  extract  from  Dr.  Wisdom's  address  on  the  Anglo-Saxon  part  of  the  English  language 
is. introduced  at  the  beginning  of  the  volume,  which  should  be  carefully  read,  as  giving  a 
clear,  succinct,  and  condensed  view  of  it. 

The  Association  believe  that  a  child  capable  of  reading  the  Hand-Book  of  Anglo-Saxon 
Orthography,  may,  in  two  quarters,  study  this  book,  and  be  in  possession  of  some  five  thou- 
sand of  the  choicest  Anglo-Saxon  words,  and  their  meaning.  He  will  then  be  ready  for  the 
Hand-Book  of  the  Gothic,  Celtic,  French,  and  Classic  elements  of  the  English  language, 
which  should  be  immediately  taken  up. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


ffivst  ?&<ixU 
THE  MATERIALS   OF   A^fGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Instruction  I. — Orthogbaphy  Defined  as  the  Study  of  "Written Words. 
Inst.  II. — Language  in  General. 

Inst.  III.— The  English  Language  not  IsTative  to  England. 
Inst.  IV. — The  Origin  of  the  English  Language,  and  its  Mixed  Nature. 
Inst.  V. — The  Anglo-Saxon  Part  of  it. 
Inst.  YI. — Words.  $ 

Inst.  VII.— Words  are  the  Beginning  of  Language. 
Inst.  VIII. — The  Knowledge  of  Words  stated. 
Inst.  IX.— Letters  and  Sounds  as  the  Elements  of  Words. 
Inst.  X. — Syllables  as  the  N'atural  Parts  of  Words. 
Inst.  XI. — Quantity  as  the  Time  of  Speech. 
Inst.  XII. — Accent  as  Change  of  Power  in  Speech. 

"Inst.  XIII. — Orthoepy  and  Orthography — the  Spoken  and  Written  Woed. 
Inst.  XIV. — Etymology,  or  the  thue  Account  of  Words. 
Inst.  XV.— Radical  and  Derivative  Words. 
Inst.  XVI. — Composition  of  Words. 
Inst.  XVI  T. — Derivation  of  Words. 
Inst.  XVIIL — Manner  of  Derivation  by  Terminations,  Suffixes  and  Pre 

fixes. 
Inst.  XIX.  to  XXV.— Terminations. 

of  Number, 

of  Case. 

of  Sex. 

OF  Comparison. 

of  Person  of  Verbs. 

of  Tense  of  Verbs. 
Inst.  XXVI.  to  XLIII. — ^^Suffixes  :  grouped  according  to  their  sense. 
Inst.  XLIV.  to  LIV. — Prefixes  :  grouped  according  to  their  sense. 
In>t.  LV. — Classification  of  Words. 
Inst.  LVI. — Plan  of  Study  laid  down. 
Inst.  LVII. — Materials  of  Anglo-Saxon  Orthography. 


Seconir  ^atU 

STUDIES   IN  ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGRAPHY. 
Chap.  I. — Studies  Explained. 
Chap.  IL — The  Plan  Explained  and  Applied. 


VIU  CONTENTS. 

Chap.  III. — Home, 

Studies :  Home,  Houses,  Outhouses,  Kinds  of  Houses,  Groups  of 
Houses,  Parts  of  a  House,  Household-Stuff,  House- 
hold,   Husband    a»d    Wife,    Father    aud    Mother, 
Children,  Servants,  Food,  Clothiug. 
Chap.  IV.— Maw. 

Studies :  Man,  Body  of  Man,  the  Head,  the  Chest,  the  Upper 
Limbs,  tlxi  Lower  limbs,  the  Frame  and  Clothing 
of  the  Body,  States  of  the  Body,  Properties  of  the 
Body,  Diseases,  Senses,  Soul,  States  of  the  Soul, 
Properties  of  the  Soul. 
Chap.  V. — ^Business. 

Studies:  Hunting   and   Fishing,   Farming,   Building,   Smithing 
Warring,  Trading,  Ofl5ces. 
Chap.  VI. — Tools  and  Works  of  Man. 

Studies :  Tools  and  Works  of  the  Hunter  and  Fisher,  of  the 
Farmer,  of  the  Housewright,  of  the  Wheelwright, 
\)f  tlie  Shipwright,  of  the  Mdlwright,  of  the  Smith, 
of  the  Weaver,  of  the  Housewife,  of  the  Soldier,  of 
the  Learned  Callings,  of  Different  Kinds  of  Business, 
Weights  and  Measures. 
Chap.  VII. — Works  of  the  Creator. 

Studies:  the  Earth,  Bodies  of  Land,  Bodies  of  Water,  Mine- 
ral Bodies,  Plants,  Animals,  Bodies  in  the  Heavens^ 
Chap.  VIIL— God. 

Studies :  God,  Attributes,  Relation  of  God  to  Man,  the  Abode 
of  Gud, 
Chap.  IX. — Place  and  Time. 

Studies:  Places   on  the  Earth  and  in  the  Heavens,   Relative 
Places,  Large  Divisions  of  Time,  Small  Divisions  of 
Time,  Relative  Divisions  of  Time. 
Chap.  X. — Qualities. 

Studies:  Qualities  of  Home,  of  a  House,  Outhouses,  Household- 
Stuff,  Household,  Food,  Clothing,  Man,  Body  of  Man, 
Parts  of  the  Body  of  Man,  <»f  the  Soul,  of  the 
Hunter  and  Hunting,  of  the  Fisher,  Farmer,  War, 
Mechanics,  Manufacturers,  Traders,  Sailors,  Learned 
Callings,  Officers,  Works  of  Man,  Works  of  God, 
Miners,  Plants,  Animals,  Light,  God. 
Chap.  XL — Actions. 

Studies :  Actions  of  Man,  Body  of  Man,  Senses,  of  the  Soul,  of 
the  Household,  Householder,  Housekeeper,  of  the 
Hunter,  of  the  Fisher,  of  the  Farmer,  of  the  Me- 
chanic, of  Manufacturer,  of  Trader,  of  War,  Lawyer, 
of  the  Doctor,  of  the  Teacher,  of  the  Artist,  of 
Miners,  of  Plants,  of  Domestic  Animals,  of  Wild 
Animals,  of  the  Earth,  of  the  Heavens,  of  God. 
Chap.  XII.— Events. 

Studies  :  Events  of  the  Household,  of  the  Occupations  of  Man, 
of  the  Earth,  of  the  Heavens,  of  GckI. 


:•:  }^iA^2/ 


DR.   WISDOM 


SAXON  PART  OF  OUR  LANGUAGE. 


The  address  of  Dr.  Wisdom  on  English  Grammar  was  soon  followed  by  one 
of  equal  interest  on  the  Saxon  part  of  our  language.  Profes-or  Cadmus,  in  a 
late  communication  to  the  Association,  has  kindly  furnished  an  outline  of 
it.  Dr.  Wisdom,  he  says,  was  induced  to  prepare  and  deliver  the  address 
by  two  facts,  observed  in  his  investigations  in  English  Grammar :  first,  that 
the  structure  and  idiom  of  our  language  are  Anglo-Saxon  ;  second,  that  its 
few  inflections  are  derived  from  the  same  source.  These  facts  led  him  to  enforce 
the  importance  of  paying  greater  attention  to  this  part  of  our  native  tongue 

DR.  WISDOM  ON  THE  SAXON  PART  OF  OUR  LANGUAGE. 

Gentlemen,  said  Dr.  Wisdom,  it  is  a  proud  thing  to  have  the  English 
language  for  our  native  speech.  Its  structure  is  simple  and  massive,  and  its 
basis  strong  in  all  the  elements  of  enduring  power.  Its  history,  to  which  I 
lately  directed  your  attention,  has  taught  you  these  things. 

Recall  its  outlines,  gentlemen.  From  the  present,  look  back  on  the  past, 
Tlie  English  language  now  reigns  over  a  vast  territory — United  States,  British 
hies,  Oxnada,  Guiana,  Jamaica,  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Gibraltar,  Liberia,  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  Malta,  India,  and  Australia.  Once,  it  was  known  only  on  tlie  isle 
of  Thanet.  Its  home  was  Hanover  and  Westphalia,  on  the  Continent  Its 
wanderings  were  by  the  etormy  Baltic,  Caucasus,  and  distant  Indus. 

It  covers  this  territory,  gentlemen,  as  a  mixed  language.  It  is  found  on 
the  Continent,  and  in  those  wanderings,  as  the  Saxon  tongue,  a  branch  of  the 
great  Teutonic  family.  As  such,  it  was  introduced  into  England  in  A.  D.  450. 
Six  successive  settlements  established  it  on  the  island.  It  became  a  national 
language  in  A.  D.  836.  The  Celtic  speech,  the  original  language  of  the  British 
Isles,  existed  only  in  a  few  districts.    New  changes  awaited  our  mother-tongue. 


i^^'i^^      /^ j^Alx:pi^ :f.\kt  of  our  language. 

*T^fe  D%Ee 'a'l^'lTorwegian  came  in  A.  D.  827,  altered  its  form,  and  brought  in 
the  Gothic  eU^ment.  Tlie  ll^ornian- French  conquered  the  Saxons  in  A.  D.  1066, 
and  engrafted  the  French  element  upon  the  native  stock.  Other  changes  fol- 
lowed. Latin  and  Greek  words  were  freely  introduced  by  the  learned.  Modern 
English  arose  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth — arose  wiih  the  Anglo-Saxon  element 
as  the  basis.  To  this  element  of  our  native  speech,  allow  me  to  direct  your 
attention. 

Gentlemen,  said  Dr.  Wisdom,  the  love  of  our  mother-tongue  should  be 
strong  as  death.  It  is  the  speech  of  home  and  the  heart,  and  contains  treasures 
of  sacred  memory.  Who  can  forget,  or  neglect  it,  and  not  wound  the  dearest 
interests  of  his  nature  ? 

The  Anglo  Saxon  is  our  mother- tongue.  The  French  portion  of  our  lan- 
guage is  associated  with  wrong  and  oppression.  A  few  memories  of  taste 
relieve  this  picture  of  it  The  Latin  part  belongs  to  arts,  sciences  and  abstrac- 
tions. The  other  elements,  whicli  enter  into  its  composition,  are  puny  exotics. 
It  is  otherwise  with  the  Anglo-Saxon.  It  forms  the  root,  life,  and  beauty  of 
the  English  language. 

Gentlemen,  continued  the  Doctor,  I  wish  you  would  weigh  this  matter,  and 
render  a  just  verdict  for  our  mother-tongue.  The  verdict,  which  I  ask,  is  a 
PREFERENCE  to  the  Latin  and  French  portions  of  the  English  language  in  the 
education  of  our  children.  The  grounds  on  which  I  ask  this  verdict  are  weighty 
and  just 

1.  The  early  words  of  home  are  Anglo-Saxon.  It  furnishes  us  with  the 
names  of  husband  and  wife,  father  and  mother,  son  and  daughter  and  child, 
brother  and  sister,  friends  and  kindred,  and  home  itself. 

2.  The  words  of  the  heart  are  Anglo-Saxon.  Such  are  love,  hope, 
sorrow,  fear,  tear,  smile,  blush,  laughter,  weeping,  and  sighing. 

3.  The  words  of  early  life  are  Anglo-Saxon.  And  who  can  overrate 
their  power?  The  foundations  of  the  mind  are  laid  amidst  the  objects  for 
•which  they  stand,  and  their  associations. 

4.  The  words  which  stand  for  sensible  things  are  mainly  Anglo-Saxon: 
such,  for  instance,  as  the  sun,  moon,  stars,  water,  earth,  spring,  summer,  winter, 
day,  night,  heat,  cold ;  and  nearly  all  our  bodily  actions.  These  are  the  words 
adapted  to  childhood. 

5.  The  words  of^ractical  life  are  Anglo-Saxon.  The  farmer,  the  mer- 
chant, the  laborer  and  salesman  use  this  part  of  our  language.  The  names  of 
their  instruments  are  mainly  Anglo-Saxon. 

6.  The  words  that  mark  special  varieties  of  objects,  qualities,  and 
actions,  are  Anglo  Saxon,  and  give  peculiar  weight  and  point  to  our  language. 

7.  The  grammar  of  the  English  language  is  Anglo-Saxon.  Its  struc- 
ture, idiom,  and  inflections  are  derived  from  this  source. 


SAXON  PART  OF  OUR  LANGUAGE.  V 

On  these  grounds  I  rest  my  claim  for  a  preference  of  our  mother-tongue  as 
the  basis  of  education  in  the  English  language.  It  is  admirably  adapted  to 
childhood,  and  capable  of  producing  results,  affecting  happily  the  mind,  heart, 
and  life  of  our  children. 

Dr.  Wisdom  continued :  Counting  on  a  verdict  agreeable  to  these  views, 
allow  me  now  to  make  some  suggestions  on  the  study  of  orthography. 

The  speaking  and  spelling  of  our  language  are  widely  different.  This  is 
apparent  to  every  reflecting  mind.  Indeed,  the  difference  is  so  great  that  it 
is  almost  useless  to  give  any  rules.  What  is  to  be  done  ?  Shall  we  write  as 
we  spell  ?  Shall  we  lop  off  every  letter  that  does  not  enter  into  the  pronun- 
ciation of  the  word  ?  By  no  means.  I  would  not  tear  away  old  associations,  and 
efface  the  early  records  of  the  history  of  English  mind,  as  seen  in  the  form  ol 
our  words.  I  would  learn  the  spoken  language  by  the  ear,  and  the  written 
language  by  the  eye.  This  is  a  simple  remedy  fur  the  evil,  and  the  only  cer- 
tain way  of  acquiring  oral  and  written  speech. 

I  would  teach  the  growth  of  our  language  also,  said  Dr.  Wisdom.  Tlie 
common  practice  is  otherwise.  Analysis  is  preferred  to  synthesis.  I  would 
reverse  this  order.  I  would  begin  with  the  radical  word,  show  the  process  ot 
derivation  and  composition,  and  point  out  the  exchanges  of  one  part  of  speech 
for  another.  In  this  way,  the  child  would  be  introduced  to  the  formation  ot 
his  language.  Indeed,  he  would  form  the  language  himself;  and  it  would  be  to 
him  as  a  living  thing,  because  it  would  be  the  expression  of  his  own  mind.  To 
make  this  mode  of  studying  our  language  complete,  I  would  always  link  the 
wordu  with  the  things  for  which  they  stand,  and  reduce  them  to  practice  at  once 
by  giving  instances.  I  would  also  arrange  them  in  families,  or  groups,  under 
the  leading  xoprcs  of  thought,  and  thus  link  them  for  ever  to  the  objects  to 
which  they  relate. 

It  remains,  added  Dr.  Wisdom,  to  define  the  place  of  the  study  of 
English  orthography.  There  is  danger  of  introducing  it  too  early  into  the 
course  of  education.  It  should  receive  attention  from  the  beginning ;  but  its 
study,  as  such,  should  be  commenced  after  the  elements  of  English  grammar 
have  been  mastered.  And  why  ?  The  study  of  orthography  should  embrace 
definition  and  the  u&3  of  words  in  sentences.  Instances  should  complete  every 
exercise.  Now,  these  things  cannot  be  attended  to  without  some  knowledge  of 
grammar.     The  nou\i  muH  be  defi7ied  by  the  noun,  and  the  verb  by  the  verb. 

Such,  gentlemen,  U  our  mother-tongue  in  outline.  We  are  proud  of  it.  If 
other  languages  are  hke  the  scimeter  of  Saladin,  bright  and  keen,  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  is  like  the  mace  of  Richard,  a  thing  of  power.  It  is  well  used  only  by 
one  man  on  this  continent. 

But,  gentlemen,  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  not  all  the  English  language.  The 
Gothic,  Celtic,  French,  Latin,  and.  Greek  elements  are  invested  with  much 


Vi         SAXON  PART  OF  OUR  LANGUAGE. 

interest,  and  must  be  called  up  to  your  attention  at  no  distant  day.  I  am  am- 
bitious. I  wish  to  hasten  the  dawn  of  a  new  era  in  education.  The  time  is 
at  hand,  when  the  professor  of  the  English  language  shall  sit  side  by  side  with 
the  doctors  of  Latm  and  Greek ;  but  he  shall  do  so  on  the  condition  of  placing 
the  old  Anglo-Saxon  above  the  classics,  and  making  Alfred  and  Caedmou  and 
Bede  more  honorable  than  Virgil  and  Homer.  Gentlemen,  our  old  moiher- 
tongue  has  endured  two  captivities:  one  under  the  Norman-French,  the  other 
under  the  Latin  and  Greek.  From  the  former,  it  was  delivered  under  the  reign 
of  a  king :  from  the  latter,  it  is  about  to  return  under  a  president. 


FIRST  PART, 


MATERIALS  OF  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


niND-BOOK 


OF 


ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGRAPHY. 


INSTRUCTION     I. 

OETnOGEAPIIY. 

The  word,  orthography^  is  of  foreign  origin.  It  is  derived 
from  two  Greek  words,  and  means  correct  writing.  If  I  spell, 
or  write  the  word  roch^  for  instance,  the  exercise  is  one  in 
orthography. 

The  study  of  orthography  is  not  a  new  one.  It  was  com- 
menced when  ihQ  first  word  was  spelled,  or  written,  and  has 
been  pursued  in  some  way  or  other  ever  since.  Even  while 
reading,  it  receives  attention.  The  eye  fixes  the  forms  of 
words  upon  the  mind,  as  it  fixes  the  shapes  of  sensible 
objects. 

The  field  or  extent  of  this  study  is  easily  defined.  It  is 
WRITTEN  WORDS.  Orthography  teaches  us  to  write  or  rep- 
resent the  words  of  spoken  language  by  certain  marks,  called 
letters.     As  such,  it  is  a  part  of  the  study  of  language. 


14  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


INSTRUCTION     it. 

LANGUAGE. 


Language  is  a  familiar  thing.  It  is  known  in  the  daily 
intercourse  of  life.  The  child  uses  it  to  tell  his  wants  and 
hopes :  the  sage  uses  it  to  declare  his  opinions. 

The  «rord,  language^  is  of  Latin  origin.  It  comes  from  the 
name  of  the  tongice,  because  this  organ  is  chiefly  used  in  form- 
ing it.  It  is  now  the  name  of  that  system  of  sounds,  or 
marks,  by  which  we  make  known  our  thoughts.  If  I  speak 
or  write  my  thoughts  about  a  rose  or  a  book,  the  exercise  is 
one  in  language. 

The  study  of  language  is  one  of  great  interest.  As  far  as 
we  are  able  to  judge,  language,  in  the  first  instance,  came 
from  God.  There  was  only  one  language  in  Eden.  There 
are  now  about  three  thousand  varieties  of  it  upon  the  earth. 
Some  of  these  are  only  spoken :  others  are  both  spoken  and 
written.  Some  of  the  languages  are  written  in  pictures, 
others  in  symbols,  and  others  still  in  letters.  Among  these, 
we  find  our  own — ^the  Enghsh  language. 


INSTRUCTION    ill. 

THE    ENGLISH    LANGUAGE. 


This  is  our  native  tongue.  It  is  spoken  by  the  English 
and  their  descendants  in  every  part  of  the  earth. 

It  is  not  the  native  language  of  the  country,  called  Eng- 
land. It  was  imported  from  the  ]S"orth  of  Germany  by  the 
Angles  and  Saxons  about  450  A.  D.  The  name  of  the  lan- 
guage, as  well  as  the  country  of  England,  is  derived  from 
one  of  these  tribes,  the  Angles. 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY.  15 

The  Englisli  language  is  now  spreading  fast  over  tlie 
earth.  It  has  already  won  its  way  into  all  quarters  of  the 
globe.  It  is  spoken  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland; 
Malta,  Gibraltar,  Gruernsey,  Jersey,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
India,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Jamaica,  Canada,  and  the 
United  States. 


INSTRUCTION  IV. 

THE   OEIGIN   OF   THE   ENGLISH   LANGUAGE. 

The  English  language  is  not  the  native  speech  of  Eng- 
land. It  came  from  that  part  of  Germany  now  known  as 
Hanover.  The  Angles  and  Saxons  introduced  it  into 
Britain,  now  called  England,  about  A.  D.  450.  Since 
that  time,  it  has  undergone  many  changes,  and  is  now  a 
mixed  language.  It  has  received  words  from  the  French, 
Gothic,  Spanish,  Italian,  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  lan- 
guages. The  Anglo-Saxon  part  is  the  basis.  It  is  the 
mother-tongue  of  the  present  English. 

The  Gothic  words  are  very  much  like  the  Anglo-Saxon. 
They  are  Danish,  Swedish,  Dutch,  and  German.  Such  are 
the  words,  hoor,  shop,  scliooner,  ivaltz. 

The  French  words  are  quite  numerous.  They  were  in- 
troduced chiefly  at  the  Korman  conquest,  A.  D.  1066.  Such 
are  the  words,  depot^  bouquet. 

Words  of  Spanish  origin  are  limited  in  number.  From 
this  source,  we  have  casie^  platina^  musquito. 

Words  of  Italian  origin  belong  chiefly  to  music  and  paint- 
ing.    Such  are  piano-forte,  stanza,  sketch,  solo^  falsetto. 

The  words  derived  from  the  Latin  and  Greek  are  quite 
numerous.  They  belong  chiefly  to  the  arts  and  sciences,  and 
abstract  qualities  of  things. 


16  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGEAPHY. ' 

The  Hebrew  supplies  us  witli  a  few  words.  Such,  are  055, 
jubilee,  Pharisee,  Essene,  Talmud^  and  some  others. 

The  different  living  languages,  now  on  the  earth,  have 
supplied  us  with  a  variety  of  words.  These  have  been  in- 
troduced by  commerce  and  travel.  We  may  mention  here 
the  Celtic,  Eussian,  Polish,  Bohemian,  Georgian,  Persian, 
Arabic,  Chinese,  African,  and  native  American  languages. 


INSTRUCTION    V. 
TBE   ANGLO-SAXOX   PAET   OF   THE   ENGLISH   LANGUAGE. 

The  name,  Anglo-Saxon^  is  derived  from  the  Angles  and 
Saxons,  German  tribes,  who  began  to  settle  in  what  is  now 
called  England,  about  A.  D.  450.  They  drove  out  the  old 
inhabitants,  called  Celts,  if  we  except  Wales  and  small 
portions  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  England. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  is  truly  our  mother-tongue — ^truly  the 
English  language.  The  words,  borrowed  or  introduced  from 
the  various  living  and  dead  languages,  have  been  merely 
engrafted  upon  it  and  partake  of  its  form  and  nature. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  portion  of  our  language  includes  about 
TWENTY-THREE  THOUSAND  words.  Most  of  these  are  in 
common  use. 

1.  They  are  the  early  loords  of  home.  Such  are  the  names 
of  father,  mother,  brother,  sister,  son,  daughter,  child,  home. 

2.  They  are  the  names  of  our  first  feelings.  Such  are  the 
words  love,  hope,  sorrow,  fear,  smile,  blush,  laugh,  sigh, 
groan. 

8.  The  words  ofjpractical  life  are  chiefly  Anglo-Saxon.  They 
occur  on  the  farm,  in  the  shop,  counting-house,  and  market. 
The  tales  of  love  and  sorrow  in  every  family  are  told  in 
Anglo-Saxon  words. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGRAPHY.  17 

4.  The  names  of  sensible  objects^  sucli  as  first  awaken  llie 
mind  and  are  always  with  us,  are  Anglo-Saxon.  Sucli  are 
the  names  of  the  sun,  moon,  stars ;  earth,  fire,  water ;  spring, 
summer,  winter ;  day  and  night ;  light,  heat,  and  cold  ;  land 
and  sea ;  and  many  others. 


INSTRUCTION   VI. 

WOKDS. 

Words  form  the  materials  of  language.  With  these,  we 
give  shape  to  our  thoughts  and  feelings.  They  become 
vocal^  and  touch  the  ear.  They  become  visible^  and  please 
the  eye. 

Words  are  familiar  and  well-known  things.  They  form 
part  of  our  daily  life,  and,  like  fuel,  feed  the  constant  desire 
to  talk.  Words  are  signs  of  things.  When  I  speak  or 
write  the  word,  rose,  you  think  at  once  of  the  flower  for  which 
it  stands ;  the  object  is  recalled,  and  seen  and  smelled  again. 

The  English  language,  which  is  our  native  tongue,  con- 
tains about  SIXTY  THOUSAND  words. 


INSTRUCTION  VII. 

WORDS  AEE  THE  BEGINNING  OF  LANGUAGE. 

Language  docs  not  begin  with  the  alphabet.  Single 
sounds,  such  as  are  expressed  by  letters,  are  unknown  to 
childhood.  Entire  words,  like  entire  objects,  fix  attention. 
Their  sound  pleases  the  ear.  Their  form,  when  written,  fixes 
the  eye. 

The  child  playing,  or  listening  to  household  conversation, 
picks  up  whole  words  as  he  picks  up  whole  pebbles  and 
flowers  in  his  early  walks.     Thus  language  begins — ^begins 


18  ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGRAPHY. 

with  words.     Simple  sounds  and  letters  are  learned  after- 
wards. 

INSTRUCTION   V|II. 
THE  KNOWLEDGE    OF   WORDS. 

A  WORD,  like  a  sensible  object,  was  the  point  of  departure. 
Here  the  ear  was  attracted.  Here  the  organs  of  speech  were 
first  exercised.  As  the  child,  at  first,  thinks  little  or  nothing 
of  the  parts  of  things,  so  he  thinks  little  of  the  parts  of  words. 
He  knows  not  that  they  have  parts.  The  whole  lamp 
catches  his  eye.  The  whole  words,  papa  and  mamma,  catch 
his  ear.     So  his  knowledge  of  words  begins. 

It  begins  with  whole  ivords.  From  a  whole  word,  the  child 
proceeds  to  a  knowledge  of  its  parts,  leiiers  and  their  sounds^ 
or  advances  to  new  words  formed  from  it. 

Let  U.S  take,  for  instance,  the  word,  father.  He  learns  to 
divide  it  into  two  parts,  fa  and  ther,  and  these  again  into  the 
letters,  yj  a,  t,  h,  e,  r. 

He  learns  also  to  join  other  words  or  parts  ol  words  to  it, 
and  form  new  ones.  Thus,  he  forms  fiithers,  iaiheilike, 
father/iooc?,  tmfatherZy. 


INSTRUCTION  IX. 

LETTERS      AND      SOUNDS. 

The  sixty  thousand  words  that  compose  the  English 
language  are  spoken  with  forty  sounds,  and  written  with 
twenty-six  letters,  or  characters.      These  are  called  the 

ALPHABET. 

The  sounds  and  letters  will  now  be  presented  at  one  view, 
under  the  heads  of  vowels,  dip>hthongs^  and  consonants. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGRAPHY.  19 

I.  Vowel  Sounds.     There  are  twelve  vowel  sounds. 


1.  a    as  in  father. 

2.  a    as  in  fat. 
S.  a    as  in  fate. 

4.  a  or  aw  as  in  water,  law. 

5.  e    as  in  mete. 

6.  e    as  in  met. 


7.  I  as  m  pm. 

8.  0  as  in  note. 

9.  0  as  in  not. 

10.  00  as  in  fool. 

11.  w  as  in  tube. 

12.  u  as  in  tub. 


II.  Diphthongs.     There  are  four  diphthongs. 

1.  ou  as  in  house.  3.  ew  as  in  new. 

2.  01    as  in  boil.  4.  V     as  in  bite. 


III.  Consonants.    There  are  twenty-four  consonants. 

1.  w 

as  in  woe. 

13. 

th 

as  in  thin. 

2.  y 

as  in  ye. 

14. 

ill 

as  in  thine. 

3.  I 

as  in  low. 

15. 

9 

as  in  gun. 

4.  m 

as  in  man. 

16. 

h 

as  in  kin. 

5.  n 

as  in  not. 

17. 

s 

as  in  sin. 

6.  r 

as  in  ran. 

18. 

sh 

as  in  shine. 

7.^ 

as  in  pan. 

19. 

z 

as  in  zeal. 

8.  6 

as  in  bin. 

20. 

zh 

as  in  azure. 

9.  V 

as  in  van. 

21. 

ch 

as  in  chin. 

10./ 

as  in  fan. 

22. 

j 

as  in  jest. 

11.  if 

as  in  tin. 

23. 

ng 

as  in  sing. 

12.  c^ 

as  in  din. 

24. 

h 

as  in  he. 

If  we  look  over  the  forty  sounds  of  our  language,  as  pre- 
sented in  this  view  of  them,  the  twelve  vowel  sounds  are 
represented  by  five  letters,  three  of  the  diphthongs  by  two 
letters  each,  and  one  of  them  by  one  letter.  The  twenty-four 
sounds  known  as  consonants  are  represented  by  eighteen 
letters.  This  is  done  by  making  z  stand  for  two  sounds,  th 
for  two,  and  sA,  ch  and  ng  for  separate  sounds.  The  letters 
c,  X  and  q  are  of  little  or  no  use.     C  is  represented  by  i* 


'iO  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

in  words  like  cake,  and  by  5,  in  words  like  cider :  x  is  the 
same  as  ks  or  gs^  and  g[  is  the  same  as  hw. 


INSTRUCTION    X. 
SYLLABLES. 

Many  of  the  sixty  thousand  words  which  compose  the 
English  language  cannot  be  sounded  at  once.  Such  are 
words  like  father,  river,  contentment.  They  are  broken  into 
parts,  called  syllables ;  as,  fa-ther-ly. 

A  syllable  is  a  word,  or  so  tyiucIi  of  one  as  can  he  sounded  at 
once;  as,  man,  riv-er,  cheer-ful-ly. 

The  division  of  words  into  syllables  requires  attention. 
It  may  be  understood  by  attending  to  a  few  rules. 

1.  Two  vowels  are  separated,  when  they  do  not  form  a 
diphthong:  li-on,  cru-el. 

2.  A  single  consonant  is  joined  to  the  latter  of  two  vowels : 
fa-tal,  pa-per. 

3.  Two  consonants  coming  between  two  vowels  are  com- 
monly separated :  car-man,  bar-ter,  con-tents. 

4.  Three  or  more  consonants  coming  between  two  vowels 
are  not  separated,  if  the  first  vowel  is  long:  de-throne, 
a-thwart. 

5.  Three  or  more  consonants  are  separated  when  they 
cannot  be  readily  sounded  together:  trans-gress,  ab-stract. 

6.  Terminations  are  commonly  separated :  teach-er,  fish-er. 


INSTRUCTION    XI. 

QUANTITY. 

The  voice,  in  sounding  letters,  syllables,  or  words,  may 
be  prolonged  or  shortened.     This  is  called  quantity. 


ANGLO-SAXON"  ORTHOGRAPHY.  2t. 

Quantity  is  length  of  voice^  as  heard  m  vowels  and  syllahles. 
A  vowel  is  long  when  it  is  allowed  to  vanisli  away ;  as, 
Ca-to,  fa-tlier.  It  is  short  when  part  of  its  sound  is  cut  off ; 
as,  fat,  bzt,  at 

A  syllable  is  long  when  the  voice,  in  sounding  it,  is  pro- 
longed ;  as,  feet,  sit,  shut.  It  is  short  when  the  voice  is 
hurried  over  it ;  as,  bat-ter,  in-com-pat-i-ble. 

Quantity  requires  constant  attention.  It  gives  a  pleasing 
variety  to  conversation  and  reading.  But  it  is  seldom 
observed.     The  signs  of  quantity  are  ■^•,  — ,  as  in  presume. 

INSTRUCTION   XII. 

ACCENT. 

The  voice,  in  sounding  words  of  more  than  one  syllable, 
varies  its /orce.  It  is  stronger  on  one  syllable  than  on  another. 
This  is  called  accent.  Accent  is  force  of  voice  on  one  or  more 
s-yllables  of  a  tuord.  It  is  observed  on  the  syllable  t?j  in 
iy-Ynnij  and  the  syllable  sume  in  the  word  ipre-sume. 

Accent  is  very  important.  It  gives  a  pleasing  variety  to 
the  sound  of  a  word,  and  in  many  cases,  even  fixes  its  mean- 
ing. Its  sign  is  /.  This  is  called  the  acute  accent.  The 
other  accents  are  of  no  moment  in  this  place. 

Its  importance  is  seen  in  the  change  which  it  produces 
in  some  words.      Thus  : 

August,.th.Q  name  of  a  month.  Au-gust,  the  quality  of  a  person. 

Min-ute^  sixty  seconds.  Minute,  small. 

Des-ert,  a  wilderness.  Desert,  what  one  deserves. 

INSTRUCTION    XIII. 
OETHOEPT  AND   OETIIOGEAPHT. 

The  words  of  our  language  may  be  either  spoken  or 
written.     In  the  one  case,  they  are  addressed  to  the  ear ;  in 


22  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

the  otlier  case,  to  the  eye.  They  appear  as  audible  or  visible 
tilings.  To  make  tliem  audible  is  the  province  of  orthoepy : 
to  make  them  visible  is  the  work  of  orthography. 

Orthoepy  is  derived  from  two  Grreek  words,  and  means 
correct  speaking.  It  teaches  us  the  spoken  word ;  its  sounds, 
syllables,  and  accents.  If  I  sound  the  word,  minute^  it  is  an 
exercise  in  orthoepy. 

Orthography  is  derived  from  two  Greek  words,  and  means 
correct  writing.  It  teaches  us  the  written  word  ;  its  letters, 
syllables,  and  accents.  If  I  spell  or  write  the  word,  desert^ 
it  is  an  exercise  in  orthography. 

INSTRUCTION   XIV. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

It  is  not  enough  to  be  able  to  speak  and  write  words.  We 
wish  to  know  their  origin^  and  the  changes  through  which 
they  have  passed,  or  their  history.  Etymology  tells  us 
about  these  things. 

Etymology  is  derived  from  two  Greek  words,  and  means 
the  true  account  of  a  word.  It  treats  of  the  descent  of  words, 
and  their  changes  of  form.  As  such,  it  introduces  us  to 
knowledge  of  the  first  importance.  An  instance  will  explain 
the  whole  subject.  The  word,  child,  is  an  original  one,  and 
means  issue,  or  what  is  produced.  From  this  word,  others 
are  formed ;  as,  children^  childhood^  childlike^  childish^  child- 
ishly.  They  differ  from  it  in  form  and  meaning.  To  point 
out  such  differences,  and  mark  the  true  descent  of  words,  is 
the  business  of  etymology. 

Another  instance :  I  take  the  word,  ungodly.  I  remove 
the  part,  ly^  which  means  like,  and  the  part,  un^  which  means 
not.  Thus  is  left  the  complete  word,  God^  which  is  an 
original  one,  and  comes  from  the  Saxon.     It  means  good. 


ANGLO-SAXON   OETHOGEAPHY.  23 

This  is  etymology,  since  it  gives  a  true  account  of  tlie  word, 
ungodly^  its  changes  of  form,  descent,  and  meaning. 

INSTRUCTION  XV. 

BADIOAL   AND  DEEIVATIVE   WOEDS. 

In  seeking  the  origin  of  words,  we  find  some  that  are  not 
derived  from  other  words,  and  some  that  are.     We  find 

RADICAL  and  DERIVATIVE  WOrds. 

The  term,  radical^  is  taken  from  the  Latin,  and  means 
helonging  to  the  root.  As  the  root  gives  rise  to  the  stem  and 
branches,  so  do  certain  words  give  rise  to  others.  Care^  for 
instance,  is  a  word  of  this  class ;  and  from  it  are  derived  the 
words  care/w?,  carefe,  carefaZy,  and  others.  It  is  a  radical 
word. 

A  radical  word  is  one  that  gives  rise  to  others.  Man  is  such 
a  word,  as  it  is  the  source  from  which  manly ^  unmanly^ 
manlike^  and  others,  are  derived. 

The  term,  derivative^  is  taken  from  the  Latin,  and  means 
tending  from  a  source^  as  a  stream  from  its  fountain.  As 
streams  are  derived  from  fountains,  so  are  some  words 
derived  from  other  words.  Thoughtless  is  a  word  of  this 
class,  as  it  is  derived  from  the  word,  thought.  It  is  a  deriva- 
tive word. 

A  derivative  loord  is  one  that  has  its  origin  in  some  other  word. 
Ungodly  is  such  a  word,  as  it  has  its  origin  in  the  word,  God, 

INSTRUCTION   XVI. 

THE   COMPOSITION   OF   WORDS.  ^ 

Words  are  brought  together  in  speech  to  express  our  feel- 
ings. We  speak  of  a  black  berry,  a  black  bird,  a  red  bird. 
Words  are  iil^o  joined^  and  form  new  ones.     This  is  the  COM- 


24  ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGEAPHY. 

POSITION  of  words.     Fox-hunter,  sea-sick,  black-bird,  and. 
father-land,  are  produced  by  composition. 

The  coiii'position  of  words  is  the  union  of  two  or  more  luords  to 
form  a  new  one.  The  word,  thus  formed,  is  called  a  com- 
pound one ;  and  the  words  from  which  it  is  formed,  are 
known  as  simple  words. 

A  simple  word  is  one  that  is  not  combined  with  another.  Ship, 
wreck,  watch,  maker,  tea,  cup,  are  simple  words. 

A  compound  word  is  one  that  is  formed  from  two  or  more 
simple  words  hy  combination.  Ship-wreck,  watch-maker,  tea- 
cup, cock-crowing,  are  compound  words. 

INSTRUCTION    XVII. 

THE    DERIVATION-    OF    WORDS. 

Vast  numbers  of  the  words  of  the  English  language  are 
derived  from  other  words.  Their  descent  is  easily  traced, 
and  their  origin  pointed  out.  An  instance  will  explain  this. 
If  we  examine  the  word,  mimindful^  it  will  be  seen  at  once 
that  we  can  take  away  the  parts,  un^  and  fu\  and  there  will 
still  remain  the  word,  inind.  We  say,  then,  that  unmindful 
is  derived  from  mind^  by  the  addition  of  un  and  ful.  This 
is  an  exercise  in  derivation. 

The  word,  derivation^  is  from  two  Latin  words,  meaning 
from  a  stream.  It  treats  of  the  descent  of  words  from  their 
sources  in  other  words,  and  points  out  the  manner  in  which 
they  arise,  as  a  traveller  would  point  out  the  course  of  rivers, 
and  trace  them  to  fountains  in  the  remote  table-lands.  It 
directs  our  attention  to  two  classes  of  words,  radical  and  de- 
rivative, as  composition  directed  it  to  two  classes,  simple  and 
compound. 

A  radical  word  is  one  that  gives  rise  to  other  words.  Child, 
man,  and  book  are  radical  words. 


ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGRAPHY.  25 

A  derivative  word  is  one  that  ha^s  its  origin  from  another  word. 
Manly  is  a  derivative  word,  and  has  its  origin  from  man, 

INSTRUCTION    XVIII. 

THE   MANNER   OF   DEEIVATION. 

How  is  one  word  derived  from  another  ?  This  is  a  usef al 
question,  and  should  be  carefully  studied. 

Derivation  takes  place  in  three  ways :  by  terminations, 
by  SUFFIXES,  and  by  prefixes. 

A  termination  is  a  letter  or  letters  added  to  the  end  of  a  word 
to  vary  its  meaning.  The  s  in  fathers,  and  the  er  in  wiser,  are 
terminations.  A  termination  shows  the  relation  of  one  word 
to  another. 

A  suffix  is  a  letter  or  letters  placed  at  the  end  of  a  word  to  form, 
a  Tiew  one.  Less,  in  childless,  and  hood,  in  GhildJiood,  are 
suffixes. 

A  prefix  is  a  letter  or  letters  placed  before  a  word  to  form  a 
new  one.     A,  in  abroad,  and  mis,  in  misguide,  are  prefixes. 

Terminations,  suffixes,  and  prefixes  answer  the  same  pur- 
poses in  a  family  of  words  as  christian  names  in  a  family 
of  persons.     They  mark  the  individuals. 

INSTRUCTION    XIX. 

TERMINATIONS. 

Many  derivative  words  are  formed  by  terminations.  The 
addition  of  a  letter  or  letters  changes  the  form  of  the  radical 
word,  and  varies  its  meaning. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  terminations  are  as  follows :  s,  n,  r,  st, 
ress,  ster,  st,  th,  and  ed.  These  may  be  considered  under  the 
heads  of  number,  case,  comparison,  gender,  person,  and 
tense. 

2 


2S 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGBAPHT- 


INSTRUCTION    XX,. 

TEEMINATI0N8      THAT      M  A  E  K      N¥MBEE. 
8,    ES,    E»,    AND   A   CHANGE   OF  VOWEL. 

The  names  of  single  things  are  changed  into  the  names 
of  two  or  more  things  by  certain  terminations.  These  are 
5,  es,  and  en.  A  change  of  vowel,  in  some  cases,  answers 
the  same  purpose  :  man,  men. 

If  the  word  ends  in  /  the  /  is  changed  into  v  before  es : 
loaf,  loaves.  K  it  ends  in  y,  the  y  is  changed  into  i :  lady, 
\dkdiies. 


ES. 


EN. 


Change 

Of 
Vowel. 


More 
than 
one. 


Spade,  a  tool  to  dig  with. 

Spade5,  two  or  more  tools  to  dig  with. 

Plough,  a  tool  to  turn  up  the  soil. 

Ploughs,  two  or  more  tools  to  turn  up  the  soil. 

Box,  a  chest  or  case. 

Boxe«,  two  or  more  chests. 

Dish,  a  broad,  open  vessel. 

Dishcs,  two  or  more  broad,  open  vessels. 

Ox,  a  domestic  animal. 

Ox(fw,  two  or  more  domestic  animala* 

Foot,  the  lower  part  of  the  leg. 

Yeev,  two  or  more  lower  parts  of  the  leg; 

Man,  a  human  being  full  grown. 

MeN,  two  or  more  human  beings  full  growiL 


INSTRUCTION    XXI. 


TEBMINATIONS     THAT    MAEK    OASS, 


The  names  of  persons  and  things  become  the  names  of 
possessors  by  certain  terminations.     These  are  '5,  '. 

The  termination  h  consists  of  two  parts,  the  s  and  the 


ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGEAPHY.  27 

mark  ',  called  apostroplie,  wliich  marks  the  absence  of  a 
vowel :  §jiiitlia5  hat,  Smith's  hat 

The  termination  '  is  used  in  the  plural,  when  the  word 
ends  in  5;  trees'5,  trees'.  The  s  after  the  apostrophe  is 
dropped,  because  there  would  be  too  much  of  the  hissing 
sound  if  it  was  retained. 


The  boy's  book,  or  the  book  that  belongs  to  the  boj. 
The  micn's  spades,  or  tlie  spades  owned  by  the  men. 
Possession.ThQ  trees'  leaves,  or  the  leaves  belonging  to  tli^ti'ees. 
The  oxen's  horns,  or  the  horns  possessed  by  the  oxen. 
The  ships'  sails,  or  the  sails  belonging  to  the  ships. 


INSTRUCTION    XXII. 

TERMINATI0X8   THAT   MARK   SEX. 
ESS,    AND    STEU. 

The  names  of  some  male  animals  and  persons  are  changed 
into  the  names  of  female  animals  or  persons  bj  certain  ter- 
minations.    These  are  ess,  and  ster. 

EXERCISE. 


ESS. 


8TER. 


Liox,  a  male  animal  of  the  cat  tribe. 

^         LioNcss,  a  female  animal  of  the  cat  tribe. 

female.     Poet,  a  male  person  who  writes  verse. 

PoETCss,  a  female  person  who  writes  verse. 
A 

also  one  ^riNs^er,  a  female  person  who  spins. 
iffho  ^oyastress,  a  female  person  who  sings, 

guides.     TEXuster,  one  who  guides  a  team. 


28  ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGEAPHY. 

INSTRUCTION     XXIII. 

TEEMINATIONS   THAT   MARK  OOMPAKISOX. 
R,    ER,    ST,    EST. 

The  names  of  qualities  undergo  some  change  of  form. 
Certain  terminations  are  added  that  change  their  form  and 
meaning.  These  are  r  or  er,  which  means  more;  st  or  est^ 
which  means  most.  The  termination  r  or  er  means  the  rela- 
tion between  two  things  expressed  by  more ;  and  the  ter- 
mination st  or  est  means  the  relation  between  many,  expr3ssed 
by  most. 


R. 


ER. 


ST. 


EXERCISE. 

"Wise,  having  knoAvledge. 

"WisEr,  having  more  knowledge  than  another. 

^  More,       ^^^'^  "^°^^^^- 

Fair*?/",  more  comely  than  another. 

Narrow,  having  little  breadth. 

NARR0W<?r,  having  less  breadth  than  another. 

Safe,  secure  from  harm. 

Saf^s^,  most  secure  of  all  from  harm. 

\  Most       ^^^^■''  '^''^"°- 
I  Stoutcs^,  tlie  strongest  of  all. 

EST.  I  Broad,  having  mucli  width. 

L  Broadcs^,  having  the  most  width  of  alL 


INSTRUCTION    XXIV. 

TERMINATIONS   THAT   MARK   THE   PERSONS   OF  VERBS. 
T,    ST,    S,    TH. 

Yerbs  form  a  very  large  class  of  words.  They  always 
declare  something.  They  do  so  of  the  first  persouj  or  speaker ; 
the  second  person^  or  one  spoken  to ;  the  third  person^  or  one 
spoken  of.  To  do  so,  they  undergo  some  change  of  form  by 
taking  the  terminations  t,  st,  s,  th. 


T. 


ST. 


S. 


TIL 


ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGRAPHY.  29 


Am  :  I,  the  speaker,  exist 
Ant:  thou,  the  person  spoken  to,  existest. 
"Was  :  I,  the  speaker,  did  exist. 
"WASif;   thou,  the  person  spoken  to,  didst  exist. 
Shall:  I,  the  speaker,  determine. 
One  spoken  gu^^^ ;  thou,  the  person  spoken  to,  determinest. 
Will  :  I,  the  speaker,  purpose. 

Second  Person  '■  , 

Wiht :  thou,  the  person  spoken  to,  purposest 
Love  :  I,  the  speaker,  delfght  in  something. 
LovKst :  thou,  the  person  spoken  to,  delightest  in  something. 
Speak:  I,  the  speaker,  make  sounds. 
Speak^s^  :  tliou,  the  person  spoken  to,  makest  sounds 
Walk  :  I,  the  speaker,  move  with  my  feet. 
WALK.<f,  or  vTALKeih :  he,  the  person  spoken  of,  moves  with 
his  feet 
One  spoken  y^nnK:  I,  the  speaker,  make  marks. 

Writes  ;  wRueth,  he,  the  person  spoken  of,  makes  marks. 

Ttird  Person.  '        '  '-  ' 

Ride:  T,  tlie  speaker,  move  on  horseback. 
Ride.s  :  vADKth,  he,  tlie  person  spoken  of,  moves  on  horse- 
back 


INSTRUCTION   XX>A. 

TERMINATIONS   THAT  MARK  THE   TEXSE   OF   YEEB9. 
D,    ED,    OU   CHANGE   OF   VOWELS. 

Yerbs  declare  sometliing  at  different  times.  Sometimes 
they  declare  it  now,  at  other  times,  before  now.  To  do  so, 
they  undergo  some  change  of  form,  by  taking  the  termina- 
tion d  or  edj  or  changing  a  vowel. 

EXERCISE. 

r  Live,  to  have  life  now. 

I  LivEc/,  had  life  be/ore  now. 

^'  I  Walk,  to  move  with  the  feet  now. 

ED  1  ^^"^^^^  "^^'  Walke^  did  move  with  the  feet  before  now. 
Hope,  to  expect  sotnething  now. 
Hopec?,  did  expect  something  before  now. 


30  ANGLO-SAXON   OKTHOGEAPHY. 

Speak,  to  utter  sounds  now. 
Oh  f  V     1    ^^^^^  ^^^  utter  sounds  before  now. 

Write,  to  make  marks  now. 
"Wrote,  did  make  marks  before  now. 


INSTRUCTION    XXVI. 

SUFFIXES. 

Yast  numbers  of  tlie  derivative  words  of  tlie  English  lan- 
guage are  formed  by  suffixes. 

The  word,  suffix,  is  derived  from  two  Latin  words,  and 
means  that  which  is  fastened  upon.  Like,  in  the  word  father- 
like,  is  a  suffix,  and  is  fastened  on  to  the  word  father. 

A  suffix  is  a  letter  or  letters  added  to  the  end  of  a  word  to  form 
a  new  one.  It  changes  the  form  of  the  radical  word,  and 
gives  us  a  new  one  with  a  new  meaning. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  suffixes  are  as  follows:  7dn,  och,  ling, 
ie,  en,  ish,  ness,  hood,  head,  dom,  ship,  ric,  age,  ly,  like,  wise, 
less,  some,  ful,  ing,  en,  ward>  n,  y,  er. 


INSTRUCTION    XXVII. 

DIMINUTIVE      SUFFIXES. 
KIN,    OCK,    LING,    IE. 

The  suffixes,  Tcin,  och,  ling,  and  ie,  are  called  diminutives, 
because  they  lessen  the  meaning  of  the  words  after  which 
they  are  placed.     They  mean  small  and  dear. 


ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGEAPHY. 


81 


KIN. 


OCK. 


LING. 


IE. 


Small 
and 
dear. 


Lamb,  a  young  slieep. 

JuXiOikin,  a  small  young  slieep. 

Pipe,  a  clay  tube  with  a  bowL 

Fipkin,  a  small  earthen  boiler. 

Hill,  an  elevation  of  land. 

HiLLock,  a  small  elevation  of  land 

Bull,  the  male  of  the  ox  tribe. 

BuLLoc^,  a  small  male  of  the  ox  tribe. 

Duck,  a  water  fowl. 

DvcKling,  a  small  or  young  water  fowL 

Lord,  a  master  or  ruler. 

liORDling,  a  small  or  little  ruler. 

Lass,  a  young  country  girl. 

luASsie,  a  small  young  country  girL 

Lady,  a  noble  woman. 

Ladzc,  a  small  and  dear  noble  woman. 


The  suffix,  ie,  is  used  only  in  tlie  Lowlands  of  Scotland, 
and  in  some  kinds  of  poetry. 


INSTRUCTION    XXV1I1. 

MOEE      DIMINUTIVE      SUFFIXES. 
EN,    AND    A   CHANGE   OF   VOWEL. 

A  change  of  vowel  is  a  common  way  of  forming  deriva- 
tive words.  In  a  few  instances,  this  change  lessens  the 
meaning  of  the  radical  word,  and  is  a  diminutive  suffix ;  as, 
kit  from  cat 


EN. 


Change 

of 
Vowel. 


Cock,  a  male  barn-yard  fowl. 

CniCKew,  a  small  or  young  barn-yard  fowl. 

■  Cat,  a  four-footed  animal  of  the  tiger  tribe. 

KiTT(?n,  a  little  or  young  cat. 

Cat,  a  four-footed  animal  of  the  tiger  tribe. 

Kit,  a  little  or  young  eat. 

„      „  Goat,  a  four-footed  animal  like  the  sheep. 
Small.  ^^  -,.  ,, 

Kid,  a  little  or  young  goat 

Top,  the  highest  part  of  anything. 

Tip,  the  smallest  point  of  the  top. 


82  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY, 


INSTRUCTION     XXIX. 

THE  surFix,  isn. 

The  suffix,  ish^  is  an  important  one,  and  forms  a  large  clas^ 
of  diminutive  words.     It  has  three  meanings. 

Ish^  added  to  adjectives^  means  someivhatj  or  a  small  degree 
of  the  quality :  white,  whitish. 

Ishj  added  to  proper  names,  denotes  possession :  EnglM^ 
DsLTiish,  Swedish, 

Ish,  added  to  common  names,  means  partaking  of:  fool, 
ioolish;  brute,  hrdiish. 

EXERCISE. 

Green,  a  color. 

Greenz'sA,  somewhat  green. 

Dark,  want  of  light. 

DARK^■sA,  somewhat  dark. 

Dane,  an  inhabitant  of  Denmark. 

Danish,  belonaing  to  the  Dane. 

lSR.-{  Possession,  cs  •  iTu-^     i.    c  a      j 

Swede,  an  inhabitant  of  Sweden. 

Swedish,  belonging  to  the  Swede. 

Fool,  one  void  of  sense. 

Partaking  Foohish,  partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  fool. 

of.         Rogue,  a  dishonest  fellow. 

JioGvish,  partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  rogue. 


Somewhat. 


INSTRUCTION  XXX. 

THE      SUFFIX,      NESS. 

The  suffix,  ness^  forms  about  thirteen  hundred  deriva- 
tive words,  and  has  three  meanings. 

It  is  added  to  adjectives,  and  forms  names  that  denote  the 
quality  or  state  of  the  adjectives  :  good,  goodness ;  wide, 
widewe55. 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


83 


NESS.  ^ 


Hard,  firm  to  the  touch. 
Quality    IlARDness,  the  quality  of  being  firm. 


of- 


State  of. 


Smooth,  even  to  the  touch. 

SMooTiiness,  the  quality  of  being  even. 

Wicked,  evil  in  heart  or  practice. 

WicKEDWtfss,  the  state  of  being  eviL 

Crude,  raw  or  rough. 

CRUDEwess,  the  state  of  being  raw  or  rough. 

Careful,  full  of  care. 

Carefulticss,  the  state  of  being  full  of  care. 

Roguish,  partaking  of  a  rogue. 

RoGUisHwess,  the  state  of  partaking  of  a  rogue. 

Manly,  like  a  man. 

Manliw^ss,  the  state  of  being  like  a  man. 

Toilsome,  somewhat  wearisome. 

ToiLsoMEness,  the  state  of  being  somewhat  wearied. 

Froward,  wilful  disobedience. 

FRowARDne«s,  the  state  of  wilful  disobedience. 

Healthy,  a  sound  state, 

HjEALTHiwfis*,  the  state  of  being  sound. 


INSTRUCTION    XXX. 


THE   SUFFIX,    HOOD. 


The  suffix,  hood^  is  one  of  much  interest.  It  is  derived  from 
a  word  which  means  to  ordain  or  place  a  thing.  Its  common 
meanings  are,  state^  quality^  and  condition. 

Hood  is  added  to  certain  names,  and  means  state:  boy, 
ho  J  hood;  man,  man/iooc?. 

Hood  is  added  to  the  names  of  persons  in  office,  and  means 
condition:  priest,  priestAood 

Hood  is  added  to  adjectives,  and  means  the  qualities  which 
they  express :  hardy,  hardiAooc?. 

2* 


84 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


HOOD.  -{ 


EXERCISE. 

"Woman,  the  female  of  the  human  race. 
WoMAshood,  the  state  of  the  female  of  the  human  race. 
Man,  the  male  of  the  human  race. 
Man/< ooc^  the  state  of  the  male  of  the  human  race. 
Knight,  a  man  of  military  rank. 
Kmawihood,  the  condition  of  a  man  of  military  rank. 
Priest,  one  who  waits  on  the  altar. 
PuiEST/iooc^  the  condition  of  one  who  waits  on  th<3  altar. 
Lusty,  stout  or  strong. 
Quality  LusTi/tood^  the  quality  of  being  stout. 
of.      Likely,  like  truth. 

LiKELiAooo?,  the  quality  of  being  like  the  truth. 


State. 


Condi- 
tion. 


I  NSTR  UCTIO  N     XXXII. 

THE   SUFFIX,    HEAD. 

This  suffix  is  derived  from  a  word  wliicli  means  to  Jieave^ 
and  then  that  which  is  high.  It  denotes  the  nature  of  a 
thing. 


C  God,  the  Supreme  Being,  Creator. 

I  GoDhead,  the  nature  of  the  Supreme  Being. 

HEAD  J  ^^^^^^^  Hardy,  bold,  daring. 

'  I      of.  llAKmhood,  the  nature  of  being  bold. 

I  Maiden,  an  unmarried  woman. 

L  MAiDENAcac^  or  hood,  the  nature  of  an  unmarried  woman. 


INSTRUCTION  XXXIII. 

THE    SUFFIX,    DOM. 


The  suffix,  dom,  is  of  doubtful  origin.     It  is  likely  derived 
from  a  Saxon  word,  which  means  law,  or  rule.    Its  common 
are,   dominion^   state,  or  office,   quality  and   act. 


DO^L' 


AI^GLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  35 


Duke,  a  nobleman. 

_      .   .      DvKEdom,  the  dominions  of  a  duke. 
Dominion,  ^y.        ^,  ^       if         ^• 

King,  the  supreme  ruler  of  a  nation. 

KiHGdom,  the  dominions  of  a  king. 

Free,  without  restraint. 

FRKKdom,  the  state  of  being  free. 

Thrall,  slavery. 

TaKAhdom,  the  state  of  slavery. 

Wise,  having  knowledge. 

Wi&dom,  the  quality  of  being  wise. 

J  .  Martyr,  one  put  to  death  for  his  cause. 

MARTYB^fom,  the  act  of  putting  one  to  d«ath  for  his  cause. 


Slate. 
Quality. 


INSTRUCTION  XXXIV. 

THE   SUFFIX,   SHIP. 

Ship  forms  an  interesting  class  of  derivative  words.  It 
is  derived  from  a  Saxon  word,  which,  means  malce^  or  sha;pe. 
Its  common  meaning  now  is,  s^ate,  or  office, 

EXERCISE. 

Friend,  one  attached  to  another  by  love. 
FRiENDs/tip,  the  state  of  being  attached  by  love  to  another. 
Son,  a  male  child. 

Soaship,  the  state  of  a  son.  ^ 

State  or  Court,  to  seek  favor. 
Q^ce.     CovRTship,  the  state  of  seeking  favor. 
"Workman,  one  who  labors. 

WoRKMANsAi/),  the  state  or  character  of  the  work. 
King,  one  who  rules  as  the  head  of  a  nation. 
KisQship,  state  of  a  supreme  ruler. 


INSTRUCTION  XXXV. 

THE   SUFFIXES,    EID   AXD   AQB. 

Bic  is  used  in  a  few  cases.     It  comes  from  a  Saxon  word 
which  means  rich,  or  powerful   This  is  still  its  meaning  after 


SHIP. 


36 


ANGLO-SAXOIT  OETHOGRAPHY. 


names  of  persons;  as,  Fredenc.      It  commonly  denotes  of 
fice^  or  rank ;  also,  dominions. 

Age^  as  a  suffix,  means  state^  or  rank ;   also,  dominions. 


RIC. 


AGE  J 


EXERCISE. 

Office,  or  Brsnop,  an  officer  who  oversees  the  churcli. 
rank.      Bisnorm,  the  office  of  a  bishop. 
Pupil,  a  scholar. 
State,  or  TvpiLage,  the  state  of  a  scholar. 
rank      Peer,  a  nobleman. 

V^E&age,  the  state  or  rank  of  a  peer. 


INSTRUCTION  XXXVI. 

THE   SUFFIXES,   LT,    LIKE,    WISE. 


Ly  and  lilce  are  different  forms  of  tlie  same  suffix.  They 
are  derived  from  a  Saxon  word,  and  mean  like.  They  ex- 
press resemblance^  and  sometimes  manner.  Wise  is  a  Saxon 
word,  and  means  manner. 


LY. 


LIKE. 


WISE. 


Man,  the  male  of  the  human  specieat 

MAN/y,  like  a  man. 

Friend,  one  attached  to  another  by  loTe. 

Friend/?/,  like  a  friend. 
Resem-     ^'^^^'^^  ^^^^  female  of  the  human  species. 
blance,      WoMAN/iA;(?,  like  a  woman. 

or         Cold,  not  warm  to  the  touch. 
Manner.  ColdZi/,  in  a  manner  cold. 

Rude,  rough,  not  refined. 

Rude/?/,  in  a  manner  rude,  or  a  rude  manner. 

Like,  equal  in  some  way. 

LiKEwise,  in  like  manner. 


AUGLO-SAXON  OETHOGBAPHT. 


S7 


INSTRUCTION    XXXVII. 


THE   SUFFIXES,    LESS   AND   SOME. 


Less  is  a  common  suffix.  It  comes  from  a  word  wLicli 
means  to  hose  or  separate.  Its  common  meaning  is  without^ 
wanting  something. 

Some  is  derived  from  a  Saxon  word,  denoting  a  certain 
quantity.  Its  sense,  in  common  usage,  is  quantity  in  a  greater 
or  less  degree. 


LESS. 


SOMR-{  Somewhat. 


Cash,  ready  money. 
Cash/-?**,  without  ready  money. 
Without.  Y^yjY^^  what  is  produced  by  the  earth. 
Yvivnless,  without  fruit. 
BuTiiE,  cheerful. 
BLiTHE.sowie,  somewhat  cheerful. 
Glad,  joyous. 

GrhKHsome,  somewhat  joyous. 
Mettle,  spirit,  ardor. 
MKTTLEsome,  somewhat  spirited. 


INSTRUCTION    XXXVIII. 

THE   SUFFIX,    FUL. 

The  suffix,  ful^  is  of  Saxon  origin.  It  is  derived  from  a 
word  wliich.  means  com'plete.  It  commonly  means  ihound- 
ing  in, 

EXERCISE. 

Hope,  the  expectation  of  future  good. 

Hope/w/,  abounding  in  hope. 
,  Abound-  Fruit,  the  productions  of  the  earth. 
^      j   ^^9  «w-    FRurr/w/,  abounding  in  fruit. 

Care,  toil,  or  anxiety. 
I  Caee/w^,  abounding  in  care. 


88 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGKAPHY. 


INSTRUCTION    XXXIX. 


THE  SUFFIX,   INa. 


Ing  is  an  important  suffix,  and  forms  a  large  class  of  deri- 
vative words.  It  commonly  means  tending  to  or  continuing 
io:  laugh,  IsiUgking ;  shame,  shammy. 


ING. 


Cleanse,  to  make  clean. 

Tending  Cleanszw^,  tending  to  make  clean. 

to.       Amuse,  to  please,  av  entertain. 

AMUsm^,  tending  to  amuse. 

Walk,  to  move  with  the  feet. 
Continu-  WALKznj',  continuing  to  move  with  the  feet. 
inff  to.     Write,  to  make  marks  with  a  pen. 

WEiTm^r,  continuing  to  make  marks  with  a  pen. 


INSTRUCTION    XL. 

THE   SUFFIXES,  WAED,  EEN. 

Ward^  as  a  suffix,  is  added  to  nouns  and  forms  adverbs. 
It  is  derived  from  a  word  which  means  to  turn  to.  Its  com- 
mon meaning  is  towards^  in  a  certain  direction,  Em  is  a 
Saxon  suffix,  and  has  the  sense  of  place. 


WARD. 


ERN. 


Towards 


Place. 


EXERCISE. 

Home,  thi  place  where  one  lives. 

IIoMEioarc^  towards  home. 

Heaven,  the  place  overhead,  the  sky, the  place  of  God's  throne. 

HEAVEXwarc?,  towards  heaven. 

North,  a  point  in  the  heavens. 

NoRTuwarc?,  towards  the  north. 

East,  the  point  of  the  heavens  where  the  sun  rises. 

EASTerw,  the  place  of  the  rising  of  the  sun. 


N,  EN. 


ANGLO-SAXON  OKTHOGRAPHy.  39 

INSTRUCTON      XLI. 

THE   SUFFIX,   N,   EN. 

This  suffix  is  derived  from  an  old  Saxon  word,  and  lias 
tlie  sense  of  giving  or  bestowing.  In  its  common  nsage,  it 
has  two  meanings.  It  is  added  to  nouns  to  make  adjectives, 
and  means  made  of.  It  is  added  to  adjectives  to  make  verbs, 
and  means  to  make. 

EXERCTSK 

Oak,  a  tree,  or  a  certain  ■wood 

Oakcw,  made  of  oak. 

•'*  Silk,  the  thread  produced  by  a  worm. 

SiLKCH,  made  of  silk. 

Soft,  yielding  to  the  touch. 

„        ,    barren,  to  make  soft. 
To  make.  , 

Black,  a  color. 

Black^^,  to  make  black. 


INSTRUCTION  XLII. 

THE   SUFFIX,   Y. 

This  suffix  is  of  Saxon  origin,  and  has  tlie  sense  of  hold- 
ing  or  possessing.  It  has  now  three  meanings :  little^  place 
wliere^  and  quality.  Baker,  bakery,  and  might,  mighty,  are 
instances. 

EXERCISE. 

{ume  Jt  dear.  ^^°^'  ^  ^^^^^  ^^"^^-  ,  .,, 
Bab?/,  a  little  young  child. 

Nurse,  to  nourish  as  a  babe.  ) 

NuRSER,  one  who  nourishes.  ) 
Place  where    Purser?/,  the  place  where  a  child  is  nursed. 

Fisii,  to  take  fish.     '  ) 

Fisher,  one  who  takes  fish.  ) 

FisHERy,  the  place  where  fish  are  taken. 

Might,  power. 

MiGHTy,  the  quality  of  power. 
Quality  of.      c  raft,  cunning. 

Cbaft^,  the  quality  of  cunning. 


Y.< 


ER. 


40  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGEAPHY. 

INSTRUCTION   XLIII. 
TUBE   SUFFIX,    EB. 

jEV  is  an  important  suffix,  and  forms  a  large  number  of 
words  that  are  names  of  agents.  It  has  tlie  sense  of  agentj 
or  doer. 

EXERCISE. 

Plough,  to  turn  up  the  soil  with  the  plough. 
FhoVGiier,  one  who  turns  up  the  soil  with  a  plough. 

one  wiio  S^^'MBERfr,  one  who  sleeps. 
Mow,  to  cut  with  a  scythe. 
Mow^r,  one  who  cuts  with  a  scythe. 

INSTRUCTION   XLIV. 

PREFIXES. 

Derivative  words  are  formed  by  prefixes,  as  well  as 
suffixes  and  terminations.     J/zsguide  is  an  instance. 

The  word,  prefix,  is  derived  from  two  Latin  terms,  mean- 
ing to  fasten  on  hefore.  It  is  the  name  of  the  letter  or  letters 
which  we  place  before  radical  words  to  form  derivative  ones. 
Mis^  in  the  word  misguide,  is  a  prefix,  because  it  is  fastened 
on  before  the  radical  word,  guide. 

The  prefixes  are  as  follows  :  a,  5e,  for,  to^  mis,  out,  m,  of 
or  off,  over,  under,  with,  mid,  un,  in  or  em,  on,  up,  down,  n. 

I  N  STR  UC  TIO  N    X  LY  . 

THE   PREFIX,    A. 

The  prefix,  a,  as  it  appears  in  English,  has  a  twofold  ori- 
gin. In  one  case,  it  is  derived  from  a  word  that  has  the 
force  of  did.  It  adds  force  to  the  meaning  of  the  word  to 
which  it  is  added:  drift,  adrift.  In  the  other  case,  it  comes 
from  a  word,  meaning  on  or  upon:  bed,  abed. 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


41 


Did. 


On. 


Rise,  to  raise  oneself. 

-4rise,  to  stand  up. 

Wakk,  to  rouse  from  sleep. 

-4  WAKE,  to  rouse  up  from  sleep. 

Bed,  a  couch  to  sleep  on. 

^BED,  on  or  in  the  bed. 

Loft,  an  elevation. 

-4loft,  on  an  elevation,  abovo. 


NSTRUCTION     XLVI. 


THE   PEEFIX,   BE. 


The  prefix,  5e,  comes  from  a  root  whicli  means  to  press  close 
or  near.  Its  common  meanings  are,  nearness^  closeness^  on, 
and  hy. 

EXEKCISa. 

Deck,  to  clothe. 

J5^DECK,  to  clothe  "with  taste. 

Set,  to  place. 

jScset,  to  place  on  or  about. 

Come,  to  draw  nigh. 

^<?coME,  to  come  on,  or  into.    . 

Drop,  to  fall  in  drops. 

Beoviov,  to  fall  on,  or  over,  in  drops. 


BE. 


%,  on. 


INSTRUCTION     XLVII. 

THE    PEEFIXES,     FOE,     TO. 


For.,  as  a  prefix,  lias  a  twofold  origin  and  meaning.  It  is 
derived,  in  one  case,  from  a  word,  tire  sense  of  which  is,  to 
gofori\  or  away:  bid,/drbid.  In  the  other  case,  it  comes 
from  a  word,  meaning  he/ore:  /orward,  yjrlie. 


42 


ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGRAPHy. 


FOR. 


TO. 


Forth, 
away. 

Bfifore. 

Before, 
at  now. 


Bear,  to  carry. 

FoTBKWi,  to  carry  forth,  or  away. 

Give,  to  bestow. 

i'brGrvE,  to  give  away,  or  out  of  sight 

Lie,  to  lay. 

jpbrLiE,  to  lie  before. 

Day,  the  time  the  sun  is  visible. 

7c>-DAy,  the  present  time  the  sun  is  visible. 

j?<>GETUKR,  in  company  with. 


INSTR  UCTION     XLVIII. 
THE  PEEFIX,   MIS. 

Mis  is  one  of  our  most  striking  prefixes.  It  comes  to  us 
from  a  word  wliicli  means  to  fail^  or  err.  It  lias,  in  com- 
mon usage,  the  sense  of  the  word,  to  miss.  The  prefix,  mis^ 
has  two  meanings.  The  one  is,  wrong ;  as  in  mwtake,  to 
take  wrong.     The  other  is,  not;  as  in  mis\AkQ,  not  to  hke. 

EXERCISE. 


MIS. 


Wrong, 
amiss. 


Not. 


Shape,  to  give  form  to  a  thing. 

if  JssHAPE,  to  shape  wrong,  or  fail  of  the  right  si  tape. 

Call,  to  name. 

J/zscall,  to  name  wrong. 

Seem,  to  appear  or  become. 

iirissEEM,  not  to  become. 

Trust,  to  confide  in. 

MisTRVfiiy  not  to  confide  in. 

Beseem,  to  suit  or  fit. 

J[/i5BESEEM,  not  tO  fit. 


INSTRUCTION    XLIX. 

TnE   PREFIXES,    OUT,    IX,    OF   OE   OFF. 

Out  and  in  are  of  Saxon  origin.     Out  comes  from,  a  word 
that  means  beyond.     It  has  two  meanings,  beyond  and  with- 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


48 


out.     In  has  its  origin  in  a  word  wliicTi  means  to  inclose. 
Its  sense,  in  common  usage,  is  witJiin^  as  opposed  to  without. 


OUT. 


IN. 


OF, 
OFE. 


Beyond, 
without. 


Within. 


Out  of, 
from. 


EXERCISE. 

Weigh,  to  be  heavj. 

Oa^wEiGii,  to  be  heavy  beyond  another. 

Watch,  to  guard. 

Oit^wATCH,  to  guard  beyond  another. 

Wall,  a  defense. 

OwAvALL,  the  wall  without.' 

Beeed,  to  produce. 

/nBRED,  produced  within. 

Board,  the  cover  of  a  vessel. 

iiiBOARD,  within  board. 

Set,  a  shoot. 

O^SET,  a  shoot  from  an  old  plant. 


INSTRUCTION    L. 


THE  PREFIXES,   OVEE,   UNDER. 


Over  is  a  simple  prefix.  It  has  its  origin  from  a  word 
which  means  to  pass^  and  then  to  pass  over.  It  has  two  mean- 
ings, above  and  across,  or  beyond:  leap,  overleap ;  look, 
overlook. 


OVER. 


UNDER. 


Above. 


liOOK,  to  view  with  the  eye. 

OverLooK,  to  view  above. 

Count,  to  rate  or  reckon. 

OvcrcouNT,  to  rate  above  value. 

Pass,  to  go  by. 
Across  OverPAfis,  to  go  across. 

^^  -  Grow,  to  increase  in  size. 
^^^^    '  OverGROw,  to  grow  beyond  what  is  fit 

or       Write,  to  form  letters. 
beneath.  UndervfRiTE,  to  form  letters  under  something  else. 


u 


ANGLO-SAXON    ORTHOaRAPHY. 


INSTRUCTION    LI. 

THE   PEEFIX,    WITH,   MID. 

The  prefix,  withj  comes  from  a  word  wliicli  means  to  press 
and  then  join.  Its  common  sense  is  against:  hold,  with- 
hold. 

EXERCISE. 

Stand,  to  be  firm. 
WitJisTAyiD,  to  stand  against 
Draw,  to  take  out 

WitkoRAvr,  to  take  from,  draw  against. 
Hold,  to  possess  or  retain. 
WithiioLD,  to  possess  against 
Day,  the  time  tlie  sun  is  visible. 
MidDAY,  the  middle  of  the  time  he  is  visible — noon. 


WITH. 


MID. 


Against. 


Middle, 
or  with. 


INSTRUCTION    Lll. 

THE  PEEFIXES,   TX,   IJT,   ON. 

Un  has  two  meanings,  which  require  attention.  When 
placed  before  adjectives,  it  has  the  sense  of  not:  able,  un- 
able.  .  When  placed  before  some  verbs,  it  gives  them  the 
OPPOSITE  SENSE:  bend,  unbend-  twist, wntwist. 

In  has  also  two  meanings  as  a  Saxon  prefix.  It  means 
within:  case,  mease.  It  means,  in  some  cases,  rnore,  in- 
creasing the  sense  of  the  word  to  which  it  is  joined:  close, 
to  shut ;  zViclose,  to  shut  around. 


UN,  - 


Not 


Aback. 


Able,  ha\yng  power. 
Z7/IABLE,  not  having  power. 
Bind,  to  tie  with  care. 
t/nBiND,  to  untie  or  loose. 
TwisT,  to  unite  by  winding. 
f/ViTWisT,  to  separate  by  unwinding. 
Bend,  to  work  by  straining. 
DwBEND,  to  bend  back  again. 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY. 


45 


IN,  EM. 
ON. 


Bred,  produced, 
Wth '    •^^*^^^^'  produced  within. 
'  Born,  brought  forth. 
i/iBORN,  brought  ibrth  within. 
Set,  fixed  position. 
P    '     OwsET,  an  attack  upon  an  enemy. 


INSTRUCTION    LIII. 

THE     PREFIXES,     UP,     DOWN. 

Up  and  doiun,  as  prefixes,  are  easily  understood.  Tliej 
are  opposed  to  each,  up  having  the  sense  of  abfij  and  dowrij 
the  sense  of  below:  bear,  w/)bear,  downhear. 


UP. 


DOWN. 


Aloft. 


Below. 


Lift,  to  raise  by  force. 

f/pLiFT,  to  raise  aloft  by  force. 

Bear,  to  carry. 

iTpBEAR,  to  carry  aloft. 

Cast,  to  throw. 

DowncAsr,  thrown  below. 

Right,  straight. 

DownBiGET,  straight  down,  or  below. 


INSTRUCTION    LiV, 

THE  PREFIX,  N. 


The  prefix,  n,  is  used  in  a  few  cases,  and  always  has  the 
sense  of  not — a  privative  meaning.  It  gives  an  opposite 
sense  to  the  word  to  which  it  is  added. 


N.  -l 


Not. 


ErriiEB,  one  of  two. 
JVeither,  not  one  of  the  two. 
Ever,  always,  all  time. 
A^EVER,  not  any  time. 


46  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGRAPHY. 

INSTRUCTION  LV. 

THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  WOEDS. 

There  is  a  likeness  or  resemblance  in  words  as  "well  as  in 
other  things.  It  is  easily  traced  in  the  FORM  of  such  words 
as  hojhood,  girlhood,  msinhood,  and  priest/rboc? ;  in  the  origin 
of  words  like /a^/ier5,/a^Aerly,/a^/ierhood,  and/a^Aerlike.  It 
is  also  seen  in  the  kinds  of  words,  as  names  of  things,  rock^ 
tree,  river ^  or  names  of  qualities,  xoMte,  wise,  good.  This 
likeness  leads  us  to  group  words  together.  The  exercise  is 
one  in  classification,  and  is  very  useful. 

The  classification  of  words  is  the  arranging  of  them  in  fami- 
lies, according  to  their  resemblances.  It  makes  tHeir  study 
easy  and  agreeable. 

1.  Resemblance  of  form.  Words  have  form ;  and  in  it  we 
trace  a  marked  likeness.  This  likeness  is  important,  because 
it  points  out  their  meaning.  It  is  seen  in  the  following 
group  of  words :  child/ess,  fruitless,  aimfess,  hope^<.s.  Like- 
ness of  form  is  traced  in  the  prefixes,  terminations,  and 
suflBixes. 

2.  Besemblance  of  origin.  Many  words  have  a  common 
origin,  and  belong  naturally  to  the  same  family.  This  is 
seen  by  removing  the  prefixes,  terminations,  and  suf- 
fixes. It  may  be  seen  in  the  following  words :  fruitless, 
iriiitful,  fruitfulness,  unfimtful,  unfrmtfulness. 

3.  Resemblance  of  kind.  All  the  words,  in  the  English 
language,  are  signs  of  things.  They  belong  to  great  classes, 
according  to  the  things  for  which  they  stand:  names  of 
things,  names  of  qualities,  names  of  what  things  do,  names 
of  relations  of  things,  names  of  connections  of  things, 
names  of  modifications,  and  names  of  substitutes ;  or  nouns, 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  47 

adjectives,  verbs,  prepositions,  conjunctions,  adverbs,  and 
pronouns. 

4.  Resemblance  of  topics.  "Words  are  signs  of  things,  or 
are  connected  in  some  way  with  them.  Here  is  a  striking 
resemblance,  and  one  of  the  greatest  importance.  The  sixty 
thousand  words,  that  compose  the  EngHsh  language,  may  all 
be  arranged  and  studied  under  a  limited  number  of  topics,  or 
divisions  of  the  objects  of  nature  and  art;  such  topics,  or 
divisions,  for  instance,  as  home,  the  fiamily,  and  instruments. 

Studied  according  to  these  four  kinds  of  classificatLmj 
words  assume  a  new  interest — an  interest  as  new  and  pleas- 
ing as  that  of  Botany.  Orthography  becomes  attractive,  and 
is  easily  understood. 

INSTRUCTION   LVI. 
THE      STUDY      OF      WORDS. 

The  p1S.n  of  study,  in  Orthography,  may  now  be  laid  down. 
Words  are  the  objects.  These  may  be  viewed  as  we  view 
any  other  objects,  and  reduced  to  a  simple  system.  The 
exercises  of  study  may  be  conducted  according  to  a  given 
model. 

Are  the  words  spoken  ?  The  ear  and  organs  of  voice  are 
to  be  exercised.  Are  they  written  ?  The  eye  and  hand 
are  to  be  used.  Do  we  wish  to  trace  their  descent  ?  Know- 
ledge is  required.  Do  we  wish  to  spell,  define,  and  use 
them  ?  Practice  is  needed.  It  is  wise  to  look  at  what  is  to 
be  done,  and  know  how  to  do  it. 

1.  The  spoken  word.  It  requires  the  use  of  the  ear  and 
ORGANS  OP  VOICE,  and  attention  to  the  sounds  that  com- 
pose it,  SYLLABLES,  ACCENT,  and  QUANTITY. 

2.  The  written  word.     To  write  a  word  requires  the  use 


48  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

of  the  EYE  and  hand,  and  attention  to  letters  and  spell- 
ing. 

3.  The  hinds  of  words'.  The  origin  and  descent  of  words 
are  to  be  noticed.  Words  are  to  be  viewed  as  simple  or 
compound,  radical  or  derivative,  and  their  composition  or 
derivation,  if  they  are  compound  or  derivative,  pointed 
out. 

4.  The  sense  of  words.  Words  stand  for  something  or 
other,  and  their  meaning  is  to  be  known  by  seeing  or  feeling 
the  things  for  which  they  stand.  To  neglect  this,  is  to  over- 
look the  main  point.  It  is  not  enough  to  speak  and  write 
the  word,  upbear^  or  even  tell  that  it  is  a  derivative  word, 
being  derived  from  the  radical  word,  hear^  by  the  prefix,  up. 
Its  sense  must  be  known.  Upbear  is  to  carry  any  thing 
ahft. 

6.  The  use  of  words.  Words  are  the  materials  of  language, 
and  have  a  use  in  forming  it.  The  use  follows  their  mean- 
ing, and  is  known  fully  in  instances.  I  defined  the  word, 
upbear.  It  is  not  enough.  It  is  only  understood  when  I 
can  use  it  properly.     The  eagle  upbears  his  prey. 

6.  The  classified  word.  Every  word  belongs  to  some 
family  of  words,  and  is  understood  best  when  seen  in  con- 
nection with  its  fiamily.  It  is  to  be  viewed  accordingly  in 
ii^  form,  origin^  hind,  and  the  topic  to  which  it  belongs.  The 
word,  motherly,  in  its  form,  is  like  all  words  that  end  in 
ly:  in  its  origin,  it  is  connected  with  mothers,  motherZ^7ce, 
and  all  words  derived  from  mother ;  in  its  kind,  it  is  a  deriv- 
ative adverb,  and  when  viewed  in  the  topic  to  which  it 
belongs,  directs  our  attention  to  a  female  parent,  especially 
one  of  the  human  race. 

Such  is  an  outline  of  the  things  that  enter  into  studies 
in  Orthography.    They  should  find  a  place  m  every  exercise. 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY.  40 

INSTRUCTION    LVII. 
THE    MATEEIALS  OF    ANGLO-SAXON    ORTHOaBAPHY. 

The  end  of  the  first  part  is  readied ;  and  we  now  stand 
on  an  elevation,  from  which  we  can  look  back  on  our  course. 
The  materials  of  Anglo-Saxon  Orthography  are  recalled. 
"We  are  ready  for  its  studies.  Before  we  enter  upon  them, 
let  us  take  a  general  review  of  what  we  have  done. 

1.  The  English  language  is  a  mixed  one,  and  is  made  up 
of  words  from  various  living  and  some  dead  languages. 

2.  The  Anglo-Saxon  part  is  by  far  the  most  important, 
especially  for  childhood.  It  was  introduced  by  the  Angles 
and  Saxons,  A.D.  450. 

S.  The  words  from  this  source  are  the  materials  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  orthography.  They  should  form  the  basis  of  our 
language.  ^. 

4.  TlJttpe  to  be  studied  in  their  structure.  The  simple  and 
compounof  radical  and  derivative  words  must  be  examined. 
Each  of  these  divisions  of  words  is  to  be  carefully  studied. 
The  first  meaning  of  the  simple  word  is  to  be  secured.  The 
union  of  two  or  more  simple  ones,  to  form  a  compound  word, 
is  to  be  noticed.  The  derivative  word  is  to  be  traced  to  its 
root,  and  the  way  in  which  it  was  formed,  attentively  ob- 
served, 

5.  The  formation  of  the  compound  and  derivative  words 
is  of  prime  importance.  It  exercises  the  mind  of  the  child, 
ia  the  building  of  derivative  words.  It  constantly  directs  his 
attention  to  the  radical  word  and  its  meaning^  and  also  to  the 
changes  which  this  meaning  undergoes  by  the  addition  of 
PREFIXES  and  SUFFIXES.  As  we  study  the  formation  of 
Anglo-Saxon"  words,  in  this  way ;  we  are  studying  the  liis- 
tory,  of  the  minds  and  hearts,  of  our  forefathers.     Every 

3 


50 


ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGRAPHY. 


word  is  a  record.     Every  cliange,  the  word  undergoes,  is  an 
event^  tliat  tells  us  how  they  thought  and  felt. 

6.  The  TERMINATIONS,  SUFFIXES,  and  PREFIXES  demand  a 
marked  attention.  These  we  will  now  present  at  one  view, 
leaving  it  to  the  child  to  recall  their  meanings. 


TEEMINATIONS. 


NOUNS. 


ADJECTIVES. 


VERBS. 


-es. 


-en. 

-  change  of 
vowel. 


SUFFIXES 

— kin. 
— ock. 
— ling. 
— ie. 
— in. 


PEEFIXES. 


Amh,  Am- 
Be 


-ess. 
-ster. 
-r. 
-er. 

-St. 

-est. 
-t. 

-St. 
'S. 

-th. 


For- 
Ge— 
a  change  of  Mis- 
vowel.  Mid- 
Out- 
Over- 


-ish. 

-ness. 

-hood. 

-head. 

-dom. 

-ship. 

-ric. 

-age. 


Of  off- 

On — — 


WitJt 

Und^f^ 

In  or  Em 


-ly,  like,  wise.  JJp- 


-ed. 

-  change  of 


-less. 
-some, 
-fal. 
-ing. 

-em,  ward. 
-71,  en. 

-y- 

-er. 


Down- 

N 

To 


Thus  close  the  materials  of  Anglo-Saxon  Orthography. 
The  child  is  now  ready  to  enter  upon  the  study  of  the  struc- 
ture, meaning,  and  use  of  Anglo-Saxon  words.  These  ma- 
terials are  to  him,  what  drafts,  plans,  and  drawing  materials 
are  to  the  young  architect.  He  is  now  prepared  to  build  up 
and  to  use  the  words',  which  are  to  compose  the  language  of 
his  whole  life  on  earth. 


SECOND    PAET. 
STUDIES  n  ANGLO-SAXOX  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


STUDIES 


IN 


ANGLO-SAXON  OUTIIOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER]. 

BTUDIES   IIT    ANGLO-SAXOX   ORTHOGKAPHT. 

The  ortliograpliy  of  our  language,  in  its  wide  sense,  is  a 
ricli  and  pleasing  study.  It  deals  with  the  spoJceii  word^  and 
exercises  the  ear  and  organs  of  voice.  It  deals  also  with  the 
written  wordj  and  educates  the  eye  and  hand.  The  sense 
of  touch  fixes  the  forms  of  words  upon  the  mind.  It  re- 
quires us  to  attend  to  simple  sounds,  letters,  accent,  and 
quantity,  and  by  so  doing,  calls  into  play  every  part  of  our 
nature.  More  than  all  this :  it  brings  the  mind  in  contact 
with  the  formation  of  words,  their  origin,  descent,  meaning, 
and  use. 

In  the  following  Studies,  all  these  things  are  unfolded. 
The  words  are  written  in  groups,  under  great  divisions  of 
thought,  as  Home,  House.    A  radical  word  is  defined  and 


54  STUDIES   IN  ANGLO-SAXON   OKTHOGRAPIIY. 

used  in  an  interrogative  sentence,  to  supply  the  child  with  an 
instance  of  its  use.  lie  uses  the  same  ivord  in  an  answer ; 
and  thus  gets  the  form  of  speech  in  conversation.  The  build- 
ing  or  formation  of  words  follows.  It  is  made  visible.  In 
addition  to  this,  he  is  led  to  notice  the  changes  of  form  and 
meaning,  which  they  undergo,  by  terminations,  prefhces^  and 
suffixes. 

CHAPTER    11. 

APLANOFSTUDT. 

This  is  the  written  study.  After  it  has  been  presented 
and  corrected,  the  child  is  then  to  repeat  the  study' orally, 
attending  to  the  pronunciation^  spelling^  meaning^  and  use  of 
each  word. 

A    STUDY. 

MOTHER,  the  female  parent  of  man. 
Is  a  mother  dear  to  a  child? 

s,  more  than  one 

less,  without  a 


-ly,  like  a 


Un ly,  not  like  a 


A    PEEPAEED    STUDY. 

MOTHER,  the  female  parent  of  man. 

A  mother  is  dear  to  a  child. 
MoTnER.f,  more  than  one  female  parent  of  man. 
Motiier/^m,  without  a  female  parent  of  man. 
-     MoTiiER^y,  like  a  female  parent  of  man. 

t/nMOTHER^y,  not  like  a  female  parent  of  man. 

The  Study,  it  will  be  seen,  is  unfolded  in  the  following 
order  : 

I.  The  radical  word  is  defined :  thus,  Mother,  the  female 
parent  of  man. 


STUDIES   IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  65 

II.  An  interrogative  sentence  is  given,  in  wliicli  tlie  radical 
Avord  is  used  :  thus,  Is  a  motlier  dear  to  a  child  ? 

III.  The  pupil  is  always  to  answer,  by  repeating  the  interro- 
gative sentence  in  a  declarative  form :  thus,  A  mother  is 
dear  to  a  child. 

rV.  The  plural  of  the  radical  word  is  the  next  thing  in  order ; 
which  is  to  be  spoken  and  written,  with  its  definition: 
thus.  Mothers,  more  than  one  female  parent  of  man. 

V.  The  radical  word  is  then  given  with  its  different  suffixes 
SiXid  prefixes  J  each  of  which  are  to  be  defined. 

YI.  This  is  the  order  of  every  Study.  The  repetition  will 
fix  indelibly  the  radical  words  and  their  derivatives,  "with 
their  meanings,  in  the  mind  of  the  child. 


CHAPTERIII. 

HOME. 

Home  is  the  nursery  of  all  studies.  Here  we  begin  to 
gather  up  the  words  that  compose  our  language.  Here  we 
wisely  commence  their  study.  Written  and  oral  speech 
should  take  the  same  course.  This  is  our  view.  Grouping 
the  words  of  our  language  under  proper  topics,  we  begin 
their  study  at  home,  and  go  forth  to  the  wide  world. 

FIEST      STUDY. 
HOME. 

Home,  whatever  may  be  its  character,  is  the  spot  that  is 
sacred  to  the  heart. 


56 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXQN   ORTHOGEAPHY, 


Home,  s.  the  place  where  one  lives. 
Is  homo  a  pleasant  place  ? 

s,  more  than  one 

li/,  li've  home ;  coarse. 

Her,  more 

liesf,  most 


-Uli/,  i:i  a  manner  like  - 
-lines'^,  state  of  being  — 

-loard,  towards 

-borir,  brought  forth  at 


-bred,  brought  np  at  ■ 

-made,  formed  at 

-hitilt,  shaped  at  — ■ 

-spun,  spun  or  wrought  at  — — 

-dtoelling,  living  at 

-sick,  grieved  for 

-sicknens,   state  of  grieving  for 


-stead,  the  place  of 


SECOND      STUDY 


A  HOUSE,  as  an  abode  for  man,  is  a  building  closely  con- 
nected ^\itli  our  lives. 


House,  s.  a  building  to  live  in. 

Is  a  house  a  work  of  man  ? 
s,  more  than  one 


House,  v.  to  cover,  or  put  in  a  house. 

s,  does 

d,  did 


Un- 


-,  to  put  out  of  a 

s,  does 

-d,  did 


-less,  without 

-hold,  those  who  live  in  a  ■ 
-holder,  one  who  owns  — 
-keeper,  one  who  keeps  - 
-wife,  the  mistress  of  a  - 

—wifely,  like 

-room,  space  in  a 


-wright,  tlie  builder  of  a  ■ 
-do(/,  a  dog  that  guards  a  • 


THIKD      STUDY 


OUTHOUSES. 


Outhouses  are  appendages  to  every  pleasant  home  in 
the  country.  They  are  found  adjoining  the  dwelling-house 
among  all  civilized  people,  and  add  much  to  its  convenience. 


Outhouse,  a  building  without  the  one 

in  which  we  live. 

Is  an  outhouse  useful  ? 
s,  more  than  one  building 


without 

Ice ,  a  building  for 


-s,  buildings  for 


Wood — 

Hex 

Summer- 
for  — 


-,  a  building  to  keep  • 
a  building  for 


-y  a  building  in  a  garden 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGEAPHT. 


57 


Town ,  a  house  in  which  one 

lives 

Barn, an  outhouse  for  grain  and  cattle. 
Sued,  an  open  building  for  cattle. 
Stable,  an  outhouse  for  cattle. 

,  to  put  in  a  stable. 

s,  does  pnt  in 


Crib,  the  manger  of  a  stable. 
Rack,  an  open  frame  from  which  cat- 
tle eat  hay. 
Stall,  a  stand  for  a  horse  or  ox. 

,  to  put  into  a  stall. 

s,  ed,  ing 


-fed,  fed  or  fattened  in 


-ed,  did  put  in 


OURTH      STUDY 


KINDS    OF   HOUSES. 


Houses,  in  which,  man  lives,  differ  very  much  in  form, 
size,  and  convenience.  They  range  from  the  Indian  wig- 
wam to  the  royal  palace. 


Hut,  s.  a  mean  house  to  live  in. 
Have  the  Irish  huts? 

Hovel,  s.  a  rude  dwelling-house. 
Did  the  Saxons  live  in  hovels? 

Cot,  s.  a  small  rude  house. 

Did  our  forefathers  live  in  cots  ? 

ter,  one  who 

Cottage,  a  small  house  for  poor  per- 
sons to  live  in. 


Are  cottages  now  very  tasteful  ? 
r,  one  who 


Hall,  s.  a  manor-house — a  house  for 
courts  of  justice  to  meet  in. 
Are  halls  noble  dwelling-houses? 

Castle,  s.  a  fortified  dwelling  house. 
Are  there  many  old  castles  in  Eng- 
land? 


FIFTH 


T  U  D  Y: 


GROUPS   OF   HOUSES. 


Man  is  a  social  being,  and  builds  his  houses  nefI5r  each 
other.  He  is  weak,  and  needs  protection.  This  also  leads 
men  to  group  their  houses,  to  live  in  neighborhoods. 


Hamlet,  s.  a  cluster  of  houses. 

Is  hamlet  the  name  of  a  small  clus- 
ter of  houses? 
Town,  s.  a  group   of  houses  larger 
than  a  village. 

3* 


"Were  towns    once   only  fortified 

hills  ? 
ish,  like 


-lesa,  without 

-house  a  house  in 


58 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


-hall,  a  building  for  public  busi- 


clerk,  an  officer  who  keeps  the 

records  of  the  town. 


•talk,  the  common  talk  of  a  — — — 

ahlp,  the  district  of  a 

s,  more   than    one  district 


s-man,  one  of  the  same  town —    Borough,  a  fortified  town;  also  an 

a  selectman  to  do  business.  incorporated  town. 


IXTH     STUDY 


THE     PARTS     OF     A     HOUSE. 


The  house,  like  every  other  object,  has  parts.  These 
require  notice.  It  is  only  by  dividing  a  subject  that  we 
master  it.  For  this  purpose,  we  return  to  look  at  the  names 
of  the  parts  of  a  house. 


Side,  s.  the  broad  or  long  part  of  a 

thing. 

Has  a  house  two  sides  ? 

Out ,  the  side  without 

In -,  the  side  within 

End,  &  the  narrow  part  of  a  thing. 

Has  a  house  two  ends  ? 
Door,  s.  a  passage  into  a  house. 
post,  the  upright  timber  by  the 

Sill,  s,  the  wood  or  stone  under  the 

door  or  window. 
Room,  s.^an  apartment  in  a  house. 

y,  abounding  in 

iness,  the  state  of  abounding  in 

Sed ,  a  room  to  sleep  in. 

Kitchen,  a  room  used  for  cooking  in. 
. work,  work  done  in 


-7naid,  a  female  servant 


Court,  an  uncovered  space  before  a 

house. 
Hearth,  s.  the  pavement  or  stone  on 

which  the  fire  is  made. 

Roof,  s.  the  cover  of  a 

s,  does 

ed,  did 

ing,  continuing  to ,  or  the 

materials. 

less,  without 

Floor,  s.  the  bottom  part  of  a  house 

or  room. 

s,  does  lay  a 

ed,  did  lay  a 


^^inrt,  continuing  to  lay 
or  the  materials. 
less,  without  a 


Gate,  a  large  door,  or  entrance. 


STUDIES  m  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


69 


SEVENTH 


T   TJ  D   Y 


HOUSEHOLD-STUFF. 


A  BUILDING  in  itself  does  not  form  a  home.  It  must  be 
farnislied  with  many  articles  to  meet  the  wants  of  those 
who  are  going  to  dwell  in  it.     A  house  needs  furniture. 


Household-stuff,  the  furniture  of  a 

house. 

Had  the  Saxons  much  household- 
stuff  ? 
Bed,  s.  a  piece  of  furniture  to  sleep  on. 

Are  beds  useful  articles  ? 

A ,  in  or  on 

room,  an  apartment  in  which  is 

a  bed. 

stead,  a  frame  to  support  a  bed. 

post,  the  upright  part  of  a  bed- 
stead. 
clothes,  the  clothes  used  with  a 

bed. 
Bolster,  «.  a  cushion  for  the  head. 

,  to  support  with  a  bolster. 

s,  ed,  ing,  does ,  did , 

continuing  to 

Pillow,  s.  a    cushion    for    the  head 

smaller  than  a  bolster. 

,  to  lay  on  a  pillow. 

— : s,  ed,  ing 


Sheet,  s.  a  broad  piece  of  under- 
cover for  a  bed. 

Washstand,  s.  a  piece  of  furniture  to 
wash  at. 

Boavl,  s.  a  hollow  vessel  to  hold  wa- 
ter. 

Stool,  a  seat  without  a  back. 

Stove,  s.  an  iron  article  of  furniture 
in  which  fire  is  made. 

Pan,  s.  a  hollow  vessel. 

Cradle,  s.  a  trough-like  instrument 
placed  on  rockers,  for  rocking  ba- 
bies. 

Crock,  an  earthen  vessel. 

Dish,  a  broad  open  vessel  used  for 
meat. 

Fork,  s.  an  instrument  with  points 
used  for  lifting  food. 

Knife,  s.  a  cutting  instrument  with  a 
sharp  edge. 

Cup,  s.  a  small  vessel  used  to  drink 
out  of. 


CHAPTER      IV 

HOUSEHOLD. 


A  HOUSE  always  leads  us  to  think  of  the  inhabitants.  It 
is  a  place  for  the  abode  of  man.  But  man  does  not  dwell 
in  it  alone.    He  is  a  social  being ;  and  when  we  see  a  dwell- 


60 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGKAPHY. 


ing-liOTise,   we  think   of  the  household — a  family  bound 
together  by  dear  domestic  ties. 


EIGHTH      STUDY 


HUSBAND     AND    VTLFE. 


When  God  made  man,  he  made  woman  also,  and  united 
them  in  marriage.  Then,  they  became  husband  and  wife. 
Therefore  shall  a  man  leave  father  and  mother,  and  cleave 
unto  his  wife,  and  the  twain  shall  be  one  flesh. 


Household,  those  who  dwell  in  the 
same  house  under  one  head. 
Do  a  husband  and  wife   make   a 
household  ? 

er,  one  who  owns 

Husband,  a  man  joined  to  a  woman 
by  marriage. 

Husband,  to  manage  and  rule  with 


-s,  ed,  ing 

-man,  a  man  who  tills 


Wife,  a  woman  joined  to  a  man  in 
marriage. 

hood,  the  state  of 

House ,  the    female   head    of  a 

house. 


NINTH      STTTDT. 


FATHER   AND   MOTHER. 


Father  and  mother  are  dear  names,  and  should  always 
be  spoken  in  love.  What  child  can  ever  repay  the  care 
and  love  of  his  parents  ? 


Father,  the  male  parent  of  man. 

Should  we  honor  our  father  ? 
— — — s,  less,  ly,  like,  liness,  less'i 
Uh ,  not 


-hood,  the  state  of 


in-law,  the  father  of  one's  hus- 
band or  wife. 

Step ,  a  father  by  marriage. 

Mster ,    one  who  takes    the 

place  of  a  father. 


Mother,  the  female  parent  of  man. 

s,  ly,  liness,  lessness,  less  

Uh ,  not 

hood,  the  state  of 

in-law,  the  mother  of  a  hus- 
band or  wife. 

Step ,  a  mother  by  marriage. 

Fosfer- ,  a  nurse — one  who  takes 


the  place  of 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY, 


61 


TENTH      STUDY 


Children  are  an  heritaore  of  tlie  Lord.    A  wise  cHld  is 


an  honor  to  his  parents. 

Child,  offspring. 

Is  a  good  child  a  blessing  ? 
ren,  more  than  one 


inh^  like,ishly,  ishness,  hood 

Foster ,  a  child  nursed  by  a  wo- 
man not  the  mother,  or  brought  up 
by  a  man  not  the  father. 

Son,  a  male  child. 

——ft,  less 

ship,  the  office  or  rank 

Foster ,  a  son  not  by  birth. 

in-law,  the  husband  of  a  daughter. 

Daughter,  a  female  child. 

s,  less,  ly,  liness 

in-law,  a  wife  of  a  son. 

Brother,  a  male  child  born  of  the 
same  father  and  mother. 

s,  ly,  liness,  like  • 

Ifn ,  not 


ter. 
Foster- 


-in-law,  the  husband  of  a  sis- 


— ,  a  male  child  fed  by 

the  same  nurse. 

Half ,  brother  by  one  parent. 

Sister,   a  female  child   born  of  the 

same  father  and  mother. 

5,  ly,  liness,  like,  less 

Un ,  not 

hood,  the  state 


in-law,  the  wife  of  a  brother. 

Foster ,  a  female  child  nursed  by 


the  same  person. 

Half ,  a  sister  by  one 

Bairn,  a  child. 

Kin,  a  relation  by  blood. 

Kindred,  relation  by  birth  or  mar- 
riage. 


ELEVENTH      STUDY. 


From  the  earliest  times,  some  men  and  women  have 
waited  on  others.  These  have  been  known  as  servants. 
They  form  a  useful  class  of  mankind,  and  should  be  treated 
kindly. 


Cook,  a  servant  who  prepares  food 

for  the  table. 

Is  a  cook  useful  ? 
Cook,  to  prepare  food  for  the  table. 
«,  ed,  ing 


Kitchen-maid,  a  female  servant  who 
does  the  work  of  the  kitchen. 

House-maid,  a  female  servant  who 
keeps  a  house  clean. 


62  STUDIES  IN"  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

"\VASHER--woiiAN,  a  woman  who  washes  Shepherd,  a  man  who  tends  sheep. 

clothes.  Foot-man,  a    servant  who  waits  on 
Hireling,  one  who  works  for  wages.        foot. 

Plough-man,  a  man  who Steward,  a  man  who  manages  the 

Carman,  a  man  who  drives affairs  of  a  household. 

Teamster,  one  who  drives Henchman,  one  who  serves  another. 

TWELFTH     ST  UDT. 


The  first  care  of  a  houseliold  is  food.  "Wliat  sliall  we 
eat  and  what  sliall  we  drink,  are  important  questions. 
Food  is  needed  to  keep  a  liousekold  alive. 

Food,  any  thing  eaten  to  support  life.  Ham,  the  thigh  of  a  hog  or  pig,  salted 

What  is  food?  and  smoked. 

less,  without Milk,  a  white  fluid  obtained  from 

Bread,  food  made  from  flour.  female  animals. 


tness 


-less,  without ■ less,  y,  ily, 

-corn,  corn  from  the  flour  of    maid,  a  woman  who 


which pail,  an  open  vessel  for 

■stuff,   all  kinds  of  flour  from    pan,  a  hollow  open  vessel 


which Milk,  to  take  away  the  milk  from  the 

Barm,  yeast,  the  scum  of  beer  used  animal. 

to  make s,  cd,  ing 

Meat,  any  kind  of  food.  Buttei^  the  oily  substance  obtained 

Dough,  a  mass  of  kneaded  flour.  from  milk  by  churning. 

nuL  a  round  cake  made  of milk,  milk  from  Avhich 


Loaf,  s.  a  mass  of  dough  baked.  Cheese,  the  curd  of  milk  pressed. 

TniBTEENTH     STUDY. 


Clothing  is  an  early  want  of  man.  Next  to  food,  it 
claims  the  care  of  the  konseliold.  What  shall  we  put  on,  is 
a  question  that  is  connected  with  the  comfort  and  existence 
of  the  family. 

Cloth,  s.  stuff  made  of  woollen,  linen,        Is   woollen    cloth    warmer    than 
or  cotton  fibre.  linen  ? 


RTUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


63 


Clothe,  to  cover  with  garments  made 

of  cloth. 
s,  ed,  inff,  ier 


Un- 


to take  off 


Clothes,  garments  made  of  cloth. 
brush,  a  brush  to 


-basket,  a  basket  for 
-line,  a  line  for 


Mantle,  s.  a  loose  outside  garment. 

,  to  cover,  to  spread  over. 

8,  ed,  ing 


Un- 


',  to  uncover 


Belt,  s.  a  girdle  or  band  worn  round 

the  waist. 
X/AP,  s.  a  cover  for  a  man  or  boy's 

head. 
Sleeve,  the  part  of  the  garment  that 

covers  the  arm. 


without 


Sleeve,  to  furnish  with  sleeves. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Tippet,  a  garment  for  the  neck. 


Hood,  s.  a  covering  for  the  head  of  a 

woman. 

,  to  cover  the  head. 

s,  ed,  ing,  less 

Hose,  a  covering  for  the  leg. 

ier,  one  who  deals  in 

iery,  the  practice  of  dealing  in 

all  kinds  of  hose. 
Glove,  s.  a  cover  for  the  hand. 

,  to  cover  the  hand. 

s,  ed,  ing,  less,  er  - 

Shoe,  s^  a  covering  for  the  foot. 

less,  without 

,  to  cover  the  foot  with  a  shoe. 

s,  ed,  ing 

maker,  one  who  makes 

string,  a  string  to  fasten  a 

Hat,  s.  a  cover  for  the  head. 

}a7id,  a  band  that 

')ox,  a  box  for 

Wush,  a  soft  brush 

r,  one  who  makes 


CHAPTER     V. 
MAN. 

From  home  and  the  houseliold,  we  turn  to  take  a  closer 
view  of  man.  He  is  the  great  object  of  study,  and  lends  a 
charm  to  every  thing  connected  with  him.  The  house,  the 
food,  the  clothing,  and  the  furniture  of  home,  are  objects  of 
interest,  because  they  are  connected  with  man. 

FOURTEENTH      STUDY. 
MAN. 

"  The  proper  study  of  mankind  is  man." 

Max,  a  male  of  the  human  race.  Iiood,  the  state  of  — — 

Has  man  both  a  body  and  soul  ?        Mej^,  more  than  one 


64  STUDIES  IN"  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Man,  to  furnish  with  men,  as  a  ship.  Fellow,  a  companion  of  ilie  same 

s,  ed,  ing kind. 

ly,  like,  liness,  ful,  fully Folk,  men  in  general. 

IJn y  to  deprive Gawk,  a  poor  simpleton. 

kind,  the  race  of y,  the  quality  of 

slayer,  one  who  kills Boor,  a  rude  countryman. 

slaughter,   the  unlawful  killing  ish,  somewhat  like 

Swain,  a  young  farmer. 

"Woman,  a  female  of  the  human  race.  Guest,  a  visitor  from  a  distance. 

Women,  more  than  one.  Heathen,  a  man  who  does  not  know 

ish,  hood,  ly,  like,  liness the  true  God. 

kind,  the  race  of ish 


-hater,  one  who    dislikes    the    Knave,  a  dishonest  man. 
—  ish,  ishly,  ishness  - 


PIFTEENTn      STUDY. 
THE   BODY   OF  MAN. 

The  body  of  man  is  wonderfully  made.  Every  part  of 
it  is  an  instance  of  Divine  skill.  Its  study  is  rich  in  know- 
ledge. 

Body,  the  frame  of  an  animal  or  man.  Skin,  to  remove  the  skin. 

ly,  less,  liness s,  ed,  ing 

Body,  to  give  shape  to  our  thoughts.  Frame,  the  bony  skeleton. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  less 

^m ,  to  form  into Flesh,  tlie  soft  part  of  the  body. 

clothes,  covering  for y,  iness,  less. 

guard,  the   soldiers  who  guard  brush,  a  brush  for 

color,  the  color  of 

Skin,  the  natural  covering  for  the  diet,  food  consisting  of 

body.  mo7iger,  one  who  deals  in 

y,  less,  er 

SIXTEENTH      STUDY. 

THE   HEAD THE   CHIEF   PART   OF   THE   BODY. 

The  head  of  man  is  formed  for  the  abode  of  a  soul. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


C5 


Thought  and  feeling  sit  on  the  human  brow, 
called  divine. 


The  face  is 


Head,  s.  the  upper  part  of  the  human 

bodj. 

Is  the  head  the  seat  of  the  soul  ? 

■     less,  y,  iness  — — 
Head,  to  act  as  head  or  leader. 

s,  ed,  ing 

'  ache,  pain  in  the  — — 

dress,  the  covering  for  — — - 

Fore ,  the  front  part  of  the 

Lip,  s.  the  border  of  the  mouth. 
Lip,  to  kiss. 

s,  ed,  less 

Nose,  5.  the  ridge  of  the  face. 
Nose,  to  smell. 

Nostril,  the  passage  through  the  nose. 
Mouth,  the  outlet  of  the  voice. 
MouTir,  to  utter  sounds  with  a  swell. 

s,  ed,  ing,  less,  ful  — — 

Tooth,  a  bony  substance  growing  out 

of  the  jaw. 
Tooth,  to  furnish  with  teeth. 

s,  ed,  ing,  less 

Tongue,  s.  the  instrument  of  speech 

and  taste. 
Tongue,  to  talk,  to  chide. 

s,  ed,  ing,  less 

Cheek,  s.  the  side  of  the  face  below 

the  eyes. 
bone,  the  bone  of  the 


Chin,  s.  the  lower  part  of  the  face. 
Brow,  s.  the  ridges  over  the  eye. 
Eye,  s.  the  organ  of  sight. 

ball,  the  ball  or  apple  of 

brow,  the  hairy  arch  over 

•—'-glance,  a  rapid  look  of 

lash,  the  line  of  hair  on  the  eye- 
lid. 

——lid,  the  cover  of 

sight,  the  view  of 

tooth,  the  tooth  under 

witness,  one  who  sees  a  thing 

Eye,  to  view  with 

s,  ed,  ing,  er,  less 

Eae,  s.  the  organ  of  hearing. 

ache,  a  pain  in 

cap,  a  cover  for        ■■ 

•——lap,  the  tip  of  — — 

ring,  a  ring  for 

wax,  a  substance  formed  in 

Bkain,  s.  the  soft  substance  inclosed 
within  the  skull. 

s,  less,  ish 

Neck,  the  part  of  the  body  betwee? 

the  head  and  the  chest. 
Throat,  the  front  part  of  the  neck. 
Nape,  the  high  joint  of  the  neck  bo 
hind. 


BEVENTEENTn      STTDT. 
THE  CHEST,    OR  MIDDLE  PART  OF  THE  BODY. 


The  chest,  or  middle  part  of  the  body,  contains  the  trea- 
sures of  life.    The  lungs  and  heart  are  laid  up  in  it. 


eQ 


STUDIES  m  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY. 


Chest,  the  part  of  the  body  from  the 

neck  to  the  belly. 

Is  the  chest  the  seat  of  the  heart  ? 

Breast,  s.  the  fore  part  of 

bone,  the  bone  of 

Breast,  to  meet  in  front,  oppose. 
s,  ed,  ing 


Back,  the  hinder  part  of 

bone,  the  bone  of 

Back,  to  support. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Rib,  s.  a  bone  which  forms  part  of  the 
frame  of  the  chest. 

Side,  part  where  tlie  ribs  are. 

Lungs,  the  organs  of  breathing,  con- 
sisting of  air-cells. 

ed,  less 

Breath,  the  air  taken  in  and  expelled 
from  the  lungs. 

less,  lessness 


Breathe,  to  take  in  air  and  expel  it. 

s,  ed,  ing,  er. 

Breathing-place,  a  place 

time,  a  time  to 


Heart,  s.  the  vessel  that  holds  the 

blood. 

less,  ly,  lessly,  less7iess 

- y,  full  of 

ier,  more 

lest,  most 

Liver,  an  organ  that  forms  bile. 
Gall,  a  bottle-green  fluid  secreted  by 

the  gallbladder. 
Blood,  the  red  fluid  that  flows  from 

the  heart. 

y,  ily,  iness,  ier,  iest,  less 

Bleed,  to  let  blood,  or  take  it  aAvay. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Loin,  the  space  between  the  false  rib 

and  hip-bone. 


EIGHTEENTH      STUDY 
THE  UPPER   LIMBS. 


The  upper  limbs  of  tlie  human  body  are  nseful  instru- 
ments. The  hand  of  man  is  a  ceaseless  wonder — a  work  of 
Divine  skill. 


Limb,  s.  a  branch  of  the  body. 

Are  the  limbs  instruments  ? 
Arm,  s.  the  limb  reaching  from  the 

shoulder  to  the  hand. 
Shoulder,  s.  the  joint  connecting  the 

arm  and  body. 

blade,  the  bone  of 

Shoulder,  to  push  with 

8,  ed,  ing 


Elbow,  to  push  with 
s,  ed,  ing 


Elbow,  s.  the  angle  made  by  bending 
the  arm. 

room,  space  to  bend 


Hand,  s.  the  end  of  the  arm — palm  and 

fingers. 

y,  ier,  iest,  ily,  iness,  less 

Hand,  to  pass  with  the 

$,  ed,  ing 

Finger,  one  of  the  extreme  parts  of  the 

hand. 

post,  a  post  with  a 

Finger,  to  handle  with 

-8,  ed,  ing 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OKTHOGRAPHY. 


67 


Fist,  s.  the  closed  hand. 
Knuckle,  a  joint  of  the  finger. 


Thumb,  s.  the  short  thick  finger. 


I  N E  T E E N T n      STUDT 


HIE   LOWEU   LIMBS. 


The  lower  limbs  are  wisely  formed  for  standing  and 
They  unite  strength,  ease  and  grace  in  their  move- 
ments. 


walking, 


TniGii,  s.  that  part  between  the  body 

and  leg. 

Are  both  thighs  alike  ? 

bo7ie,  the  bone  of 

Hip,  s.  the  fleshy  part  of  the  thigh. 
Knee,  s.  the  joint  of  the  thigh  and 

leg. 

pan,  the  round  bone  on 

Shin,  s.  the  front  part  of  the  leg. 
Ankle,  s.  the  joint  between  the  leg 

and  foot. 
Foot,  the  lower  end  of  the  leg. 
step,  the  mark  of 


stool,  a  stool  for        ■ 

path,  a  way  for 

hold,  a  hold  for 

man,  a  servant  who  goes  — — ' 

less,  without 

Heel,  «.  the  hind  part  of  the  foot. 
Step,  the  space  between  the  feet. 
Instep,  the  fore  part  of  the  upper 

side  of 

Foot ,  the  track  of 

Toe,  s.  one  of  the  extreme  parts  of 


TWENTIETH    STUDY 


feame  and  clothing  of  the  human  body. 

The  human  body  has  a  frame  of  bones  which  is  clothed 
with  flesh  and  skin.     Its  outline  is  soft  and  beautiful. 


Bone,  s.  a  firm,  hard  substance,  form- 
ing the  frame  of  the  body. 
Are  there  many  bones  in  the  body  ? 

r/,  less 

Breast ,  the  bone         ■ 

Back ,  the  bone 

Chebk ,  the  bone  — — ■ 

Thigh ,  the  bone 


Flesh,  the  soft  solids  of  the  body. 

1/,  ily,  iness,  less 

brush,  a  brush  to 


-color,  the  color  of 


Skin,  the  natural  cover  of  the  body, 

y,  less,  iness,  er 

Skin,  to  strip  off  — — 
s,  ed,  ing 


68 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGEAPHY. 


Hair,  a  small  thread-like  substance, 
growing  out  of  the  skin. 

-^ — y,  iness,  less 

brush,  a  brush  to  smooth  ■ 

cloth,  stuflF  made  of 


Naii^  s.  the  horny  subtance  on  the 
upper  sides  of  the  fingers  and  toes. 
Beard,  the  hair  of  the  chin  and  face. 
less,  lessly. 


TWENTT-FIEST      STUDY. 


STATES   OF   THE   BODY. 


The  states  or  conditions  of  the  body  require  some  notice. 
Among  these,  work,  play,  rest,  and  sleep  are  the  most 
pleasing.  They  are  closely  connected  with  a  healthy  and 
happy  life. 


"Work,  labor,  or  active  use  of  strength. 
Is  work  a  means  of  health  ? 


-s,  ing,  er 

-day,  a  day  on  which 

-house,  a  house  in  which 
■^man,  a  man  employed  in 

-shop,  a  shop  where 

■^manlike,  like  a  true 


-manship,  the  state   or  skill   of 


Under- 


-,  work  under  or  below 


Work,  to  labor  in  any  way. 

s,  ed,  ing  

Plat,  exercise  for  pleasure. 

s,  ful,  fully,  fulness,  er,  ing  some. 

day,  a  day  given 

mate,  a  fellow  at 

Play,  to  take  exercise  for  pleasure. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Rest,  repose  from  labor. 
less,  lessly,  lessness. 


Un ,  not 

Rest,  to  cease  from  labor. 

s,  ed,  ing. 

Sleep,  repose  from  the  use  of  body 
and  mind. 

er,  ful,  fulness,  less,  lessly,  less- 
ness. 

y,  abounding  in 

iness,  ily. 


Sleep,  to  repose  from  the  use  of  body 
and  mind. 


-s,  ing 


-walking,  walking  in 


Slept,  did 

Wake,  to  rouse  from  sleep. 
A ,  to  rouse  up 


Also, 


not  asleep. 
.",  ed,  ing 


Health,  a  sound  state  of  the  body. 

ful,  fully,  fulness. 

y,  abounding  in     ■■  ♦ 


-mess,  some' 


STUDIES  m  AJSTGLO-SAXON  OETHOGEAPHY. 


69 


TWENTY-SECOND      STUDY 


PROPERTIES   OF  THE  BODY. 


Things  and  their  nature  are  known  bj  tlieir  properties — ■ 
tlie  impressions  thej  make  upon  our  senses. 


Fat,  fleshy  or  plump. 

Is  a  fat  body  pleasing  to  the  eye  ? 

Zy,  ness,  ish,  y,  iness 

Fat,  to  make  fleshy  or  plump. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Fatten,  to  make  fat 

•— — s,  ed,  ing,  er  < 


Lean,  wanting  flesh. 

ness,  er,  est 

Lean,  that  part  of  the  flesh  without 
fat. 

faced,  having  a  ■ 

Sound,  entire,  not  diseased. 

er,  est,  ness 

Ruddy,  a  lively  flesh  color. 

er,  est,  ness 

Wan,  pale,  without  color. 

er,  est,  ly,  ness 

Sweat,  moisture  on  the  skin. 


Sweat,  to  give  out  moisture  on  the 
skin. 


ing 


Lank,  tliin,  and  yielding  to  pressure. 

ly,  ness 

Gaunt,  thin  and  hollow. 

ly,  ness 

Strong,  having  much  active  force. 
er,  est,  ly 


-hold,  a  place  of  — 
-minded,  a  mind  of 


voiced,  a  voice  of  great  • 


Strength,  quality  of  being  strong. 
en,  to  make 


?,  ed,  ing,  er,   less 


"Weak,  having  little  active  force. 

ly,  ness. 

side,  a  part  that  is 


sighted,  having  weak 

Weaken,  to  become  weak. 
ed,  ing 


TWENTY-THIRD      STUDY, 
DISEASES    OF   THE    BODY. 

Disease  follows  tlie  steps  of  kealtk  in  tliis  world.     "  The 
tooth-ache,  and  the  thousand  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to." 


Sick,  touched  with  disease. 
Is  it  painful  to  be  sick  ? 

er,  est,  ish,  ishly,  ishness  ■ 

ly,  liness,  ness 

en,  to  make  sick. 


ed,  ing 


Pain,  an  uneasy  feeling. 

s,  ful,  fully,  fulness,  less 

Pain,  to  make  uneasy. 
s,  ed,  ing ;- 


70 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON"  OETHOGRAPHY. 


Pang,  great  pain. 
AciiE,  constant  pain. 
Ache,  to  suffer  pain. 

Ail,  a  dull  sickness. 

Ail,  to  trouble  with  sickness. 

s,  ed,  ing 

III,  a  bad  state  of  health. 

ness 

Ague,  a  cold  fit. 

ish,  ishness 

Blain,  pustule  or  sore  on  the  skin. 
Pimple,  an  elevation  of  the  skin. 
y,  ed,  like 


Croup,  a  disease  of  the  throat. 
Blind,  without  sight. 

ly,  ness 

Blind,  to  deprive  of  sight 

s,  ed,  ing 

Deaf,  without  the  sense  of  hearing. 


-en,  to  make  deaf. 
— s,  ed,  ing . 


Dumb,  without  the  power  of  speech. 
Lame,  crippled  in  the  lower  limb. 

Zy,  ness. 

Lame,  to  cripple. 
s,  ed,  ing 


T  W  E  N  TT  -F  O  U  B,  T  n      STUDY. 

THE   SENSES. 

The  senses  are  the  instruments  of  the  soul.  By  them  we 
gain  a  knowledge  of  things  without  us.  They  are  noble 
instruments.  The  ear  gives  us  music ;  the  eye  presents  the 
beauties  of  the  earth  and  heavens. 

Smelling,  the  sense  by  which  we  per- s,  ed,  ing,  er 

ceive  odors.  Seeing,  the  sense  by  which  we  per- 
ls smelling  one  of  the  five  senses  ?  ceive  color,  form,    place,  and  disr 

Smell,  to  perceive  by  the  nose.  tance. 

s,  ed,  er See,  to  perceive  by  the  eye. 

Smell,  the  sense  by  which  odors  are     Fore ,  to  see 

noticed.  s,  ing,  er 

Hearing,  the  sense  by  which  we  per-    Saw,  did 

ceive  sounds.  Seen,  perceived  by  — — 

Hear,  to  perceive  by  the  ear. 


TWENTY-FIFTH      STUDY. 
THE   SOUL. 


Man  is  something  more  than  a  living  creature.      He 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  71 

tliinks,  feels,  and  acts  accountably.     A  soul  inhabits  liis 
body. 

Soul,  that  part  of  man  that  thinks,      Un ,  not 

feels,  and  acts.  Mind,  to  fix  our  thoughts  upon  a 

Is  the  soul  immortal  ?  thing. 

s,  less s,  ed,  ing 

destroying,  ruining Heart,  that  part  of  man  which  is  the 

stirring,  rousing seat  of  the  passions. 

subduing,  bringing  under s,  less,  lessly,ful,  fully y  y,  iness, 

Mind,  that  part  of  our  nature  that          ily  — 

knows.  Will,  that  part  of  the  mind  by  which 
less,   ful,  ed,  edness,  fully,  ful-  we  purpose  or  plan. 

ness ful,  fully,  fulness,  ingly,  ingness. 

TWENTY-SIXTH      STTJDT. 

STATES   OF   THE   SOUL. 

The  soitI  of  man  appears  in  various  states  or  conditions, 
all  of  wliich.  have  an  interest  for  us. 

Mood,  temper  of  mind,  or  soul.  er,  one  who 

Should  we  live  in  a  happy  mood?  Sin,  to  depart  from  what  is  good  and 

y,  abounding  in right. 

ily,  iness s,  ed,  ing 

Sound,  entire,  healthy,  using  all  the  Thinking,  using  the  power  of  thought. 

powers.  Think,  to   use  the  mind  in  forming 

ly,  ness notions. 

Mad,  disordered  in  mind  or  soul.  .  s,  ing,  er 

ly,  ness Thought,  what  is  produced  by  think- 

en,  to  make  disordered  or  furious         ing. 

-less,  ful,  fully,  lessly,  lessness. 

ed,  ing Feeling,  noticing  things  by  the  senses. 

Bliss,  happy  and  contented.  Feel,  to  notice  by  the  touch. 

f'^h  f^^^y>  f 'Iness,  less s,  ing,  ingly 

Sin,  departure  from  what  is  good  and  Felt,  did 

right.  Willing,  choosing  something. 

— /«/,  ful/y,  fulness,  less,  lessly,  less-  Will,  to  choose  an  object  or  course. 

ness s,  ed,  ing 


72 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


Holy,  whole  in  what  is  good  and  Guilt,  a  wicked  condition. 

right.  -yt  iness,  ier,  iest,  less 

li/,  ness Wicked,  evil  at  heart. 

Wise,  using  knowledge  properly. ly,  ness 

Wisdom,  the  right  use  of  knowledge. 

T  W  EN  T  T  -S  E  V  E  N  T  n      STUDY. 


PROPERTIES   OF  THE  SOUL. 


The  soul  has  many  interesting  properties.  It  is  good  to 
name  and  know  them.  Such  knowledge  prepares  us  to  be 
useful  and  happy. 


Thought,  the   product  of  thinking, 

power  to  think. 

Is  thought  the  root  of  all  know- 
ledge ? 
Feeling,  the  power  to  learn  by  the 

senses,  easily  moved. 

U71 ,  not 

Shame,  a  feeling  produced  by  guilt. 
-/«/,  fuUi/,  fulness,  less,  lessly. 


lessness 


Shame,  to  put  to  shame. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Pride,  great  esteem  of  oneselt 

less,  ful • 

Pride,  to  indulge  in  pride. 
s,  ed,  ing,  ingly 


Loath,  unwilling,  not  inclined. 

-ful,  ness,  er 

some,  somewhat 


-mmely,  someness 


Loathe,  to  feel  disgust  at  any  thing, 

s,  ed,  nig,  inrjy 

Hate,  great  dislike. 

-ful,  fully,  fulness,  r. 

Hate,  to  dislike  greatly. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Hatred,  hate  amounting  to  enmity. 


Love,  delight  in  any  thing. 

s,  less,  ly,  lily,  er,  liness        - 

Love,  to  delight  in  any  thing. 

s,  ed,  ing,  ivgly 

Sorrow,  pain  of  mind  by  some  loss. 

s,  ful,  fully,  less,  fulness. 

Sorrow,  to  feel  pain  for  the  loss  of 

something. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Woe,  deep  settled  sorrow. 

ful,  fully,  fulness 

Hope,  expectation  of  future  good. 
s,  ful,  fully,  fulness,  less,  lessly, 

lessness 

Hope,  to  desire  future  good. 

s,  ed,  ing,  er,  ingly 

Fear,   a  painful    feeling  in  view  of 

future  evil. 
s,  ful,  fully,  fulness,  less,  lessly^ 

lessness, 

Fear,  to  feel  pain  from  future  eviL 

s,  ed,  ing 

Dread,  great  fear. 

ful,  fully,  fulness,  less,  Iess7ies9, 

Dread,  to  fear  greatly. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Gladness,  a  kind  of  delight 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


73 


Glad,  plfeased. 

ly,  .somey  somely,  soineness. 
IIuNGEK,  pain  from  waut  of  food. 

;y,  y  

Hunger,  to  feel  pain  from  want  of 

food. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Thirst,  pain  from  want  of  drink. 

y,  ily,  iness 

TuiRST,  to  feel  pain  from  want  of 

drink. 


-less 


-s,  ed,  ing 


s,  ful,  fully^  fulne.ts 

Lust,  to  have  a  longing  desire. 

s,  ed,  ing,  ingly 

Laughteb,  audible  mirth. 


Laugh,  an  expression  of  mirth. 
Laugh,  to  make  audible  mirth. 

5,  ed,  ing 

Wit,  power  of  thinking  laughably. 
less,   lessly,   lessness,    ling,  y,  ily, 

iness,  ingly 

Friendship,  the  love  of  friends. 
Belief,  an  assent  of  the  mind  to  what 

is  true. 

ITn '- — ,  a  want  of 

Tear,  a  fluid  that  appears  in  the  eye, 

the  sign  of  joy  or  grief. 

s,  less,  ful,  fully,  fulness. 

Smile,  a  cheerful  play  of  the  lips. 
• s,  ing . 


CHAPTER    V. 

BTTSINES     S, 

Man  is  known  best  in  the  business  of  life.  lie  is  made 
for  action.  Every  power  of  tlie  body  and  soul  delights  in 
exercise.  Rest  and  play  are  only  useful,  as  they  prei>ftre  for 
labor.  Healthy  and  useful  service  is  the  happiest  condition 
of  human  life.     Business  makes  the  man. 

TWENTY-EIGHTH      STUDY. 


hunting  and  fishing. 


Men,  in  the  early  ages  of  the  world,  employed  them- 
selves in  hunting  and  fishing.  These  are  among  the  first 
occupations  of  all  people. 


Hunting,  the  pursuit  of  wild  animals. 

Was  hunting  an  early  employment? 
Hunt,  to  chase  wild  animals  to  kill 

or  catch  them 


~s,  ed,  ing 

■er,  one  who 

-sman,  a  man  who 


Fishing,  the  practice  of  taking  fish, 


74  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY, 

Fish,  an  animal  that  lives  in  water. er,  one  who 

Fish,  to  try  to  take  fish.  maUj  a  man  who  ■ 

— — «5,  edy  ing 

TWENTY-NINTH      S  T  IT  D  T  , 

FARMING. 

The  culture  or  tillage  of  the  ground  early  employed  tlie 
care  of  man.  "Abel  was  a  keeper  of  sheep,  and  Cain  was 
a  tiller  of  the  ground." 

Farming,  the  business  of  tilling  the  Landlord,  the  owner  of  land. 

land.  Shepherd,  a  man  who  tends  sheep. 

Is  farming  a  healthy  occupation?  Dig,  to  turn  up  ground  Avith  a  spade. 

Farm,  a  tract  of  land  tilled  by  one  s,  ed,  ing,  er 

man.  Shovel,  to  throw  up  earth  with  a 
Farm,  to  till  the  ground.  shovel. 

s,  ed,  ing,  er s,  ed,  ing 

hotise,  a  house  attached  to Hoe,  to  scrape  or  dig  with  a  hoe. 

-yard,  the  space  inclosed  about  s,  ed,  ing 


a  barn.  Sow,  to  scatter  seeds  on  the  ground. 

Teoman,  the  first  man  among  the    «,  ed,  ing,  er 

people.  Mow,  to  cut  grass  with  a  scythe. 

Plough,  to  furrow  the  land.  s,  ed,  ing,  er 

s,  ed,  ing Rake,  to  gather  grass  or  grain  with  « 


•man,  a  man  who  ■  rake. 


Shear,  to  separate  with  shears.  $,  ed,  ing,  er 

8,  ed,  ing,  er Thresh,  to  beat  out  grain  from  the 

Reap,  to  cut  grain  with  a  sickle.  husk. 


cd,  ing,  er s,  ed,  ing,  er  • 


THIRTIETH      STUDY. 

BUILDINGS. 


Man,  early  in  life,  shows  a  taste  for  building.  The  house, 
wagon,  and  ship  are  works  of  his  skill.  The  useful  arts 
arise,  and  increase  the  powers  of  man. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


75 


HousEWRiGHT,  one  who  builds  houses. 

Is  housewright  the  same  as  carpen- 
ter? 
"Wheelwright,  one  who  makes  wheels 

and  wheeled  carriages. 
SuirwiiiGHT,  one  who  builds  ships. 
Millwright,  one  who  builds  mills.  . 
Frame,  to  fit  and  unite  the  parts  of  a 

building. 


■s,  ed,  ivg,  er 


Frame,    the    timbers   of    a   building 

joined  together. 
Build,  to  frame  and  rear  a  building. 

s,  ed,  ing,  er 

Board,  to  cover  with  boards. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Roof,  to  cover  with  a  root 
s,  ed,  ing 


THIETY-FIIiST      STUDY. 


Metals  were  used,  even  in  the  family  of  LamecTi. 
business  of  the  smith  early  rose  into  importance. 


The 


Smith,  one  who  works  in  metals. 

Is  a  smith  a  mechanic? 
Smithing,  the  practice  of  working  in 

metals. 
Blacksmith,  one  who  works  in  iron. 
Silversmith,  one  who  works  in  silver. 
Goldsmith,  one  who  works  in  gold. 
Tinsmith,  one  who  works  in  tin. 


Coppersmith,  one  who  works  in  cop- 
per. 

Locksmith,  s.  one  who  makes  locks. 

Melt,  to  reduce  any  thing  to  a  liquid 
by  fire. 

s,  ed,  ing . 

Heat,  to  warm  by  fire. 

s,  ed,  ing 


T  H  I  E  T  Y-S  E  O  O  N  D      STUDY. 


manufacturing. 


Raw  materials  are  furnished  by  nature.  Man  purposes 
to  work  them  into  some  useful  form,  and  becomes  a  manu- 
facturer. Such  pursuits  existed  in  the  earliest  ages  of  the 
world. 


Spin,  to  twist  fibres  into  thread. 
Do  women  spin  ? 

er,  one  who 

"Weave,  to  unite  threads  and  form 
cloth. 


ing. 


Shoe-maker,  one  who  makes 

Watch-maker,  one  who  makes 

Clock-maker,  one  who  makes 

Book-maker,  one  who  makes 

Turn,  to  form  things  with  the  lathe. 


70  STUDIES   IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

s,  ed,  ing Hatter,  one  who  makes  hats. 

Turner,  one  who  — —  Nailer,  one  who  makes  nails. 

THIETT-TniRD      STUDY.- 
WARRING. 

War  raged  too  soon  in  the  world.  The  arms  that  were 
turned  against  Avild  beasts  were  soon  pointed  at  the  Hfe  of 
man.     Nimrod  was  a  great  hunter,  and  the  first  warrior. 

"War,  the  practice  of  arms.  Shooting,  the  act  of  firing  guns  or 

Is  war  cruel  ?  arrows. 

War,  to  contend  in  battle.  Shoot,  to  let  fly  an  arrow  or  bullet. 

«,  ed,  ing .s,  hig,  er 

Fight,  to  strive  for  victory  in  battle.  Shot,  did 


-s,  ing,  er Board,  to  enter  a  ship  by  force. 


Fought,  did s,  ed,  ing,  er 

Shield,  to  cover  with  a  shield,  pro-    Drill,  to  exercise  or  ti'ain  in  arms, 
tect.  ■ s,  ed,  ing 


-s,  ed,  ing,  less Halt,  to  stop  on  marcli. 


Sling,  to  throw  with  a  sling.  s,  ed,  ing 

5,  ing,  er Foe,  an  enemy. 

Slung,  did 

T  H  I  E  T  T-FO  UE  T  H      STUDY. 

buying  and  selling. 

Trade  arose  as  soon  as  man  produced  more  than  he 
wanted.  The  merchant  entered  upon  a  new  business,  and 
did  much  for  man's  comfort. 

Buying,  the  act  of  getting  things  by     house,  a  house  in  which 

paying  for  them.  keeper,  the  man  who  keeps 

Buy,  to  get  things  by  purchase.  room,  a  room  in  which 


ing,  er "Weight,  the  quantity  of  any  thing 

Bought,  did found  by  weighing  it. 

Store,  to  lay  up  goods.  y,  iness,  ily 

s,  ed,  ing Selling,  giving  any  thing  for  a  price. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


77 


Sell,  to  give  awaj  any  thing  for  a 
price. 

Sold,  did 

'  Shop,  a  building  in  which  goods  are 
sold. 


keeper,  the  man  who  sells  goods. 

Shopping,  going  to  shops  to  buy  goods. 
Monger,  a  dealer  in  any  thing. 

Fish— ,  one  who  deals 

Iron ,  a  dealer  in 

Deal,  to  trade  in  any  thing. 


TniBTY-FIFTH      STUDY. 


Men  are  often  engaged  in  public  business,  and  are  known 
as  officers.    Some  kinds  of  officers  were  known  to  the  Saxons. 


King,  the  chief  ruler  in  the  nation. 
Are  kings  useful  ? 

s,  ly,  liness,  less,  like,  ling 

ship,  the  office 

hood,  the  state  of 

dom,  the  territory  of 

Yeoman,  an  officer  in  the  king's  house. 
Earl,  a  nobleman  of  the  third  rank. 
Knight,  a  man  of  rank  bearing  arms. 

,  to  make  a  knight  by  a  form. 

s,  ed,  ing 


-hood,  like,  ly,  liness 


Lord,  one  having  supreme  power,  a 

master. 
Lady,  a  woman  of  rank. 
Watchman,  one  who  guards  a  city  by 

night. 


Alderman,  an  officer  of  a  town. 

ship,  the  office 

Provost,  the  chief  officer  of  a  town 
or  college. 

Sheriff,  the  officer  who  executes  the 
law  in  a  county. 

Beadle,  a  crier  in  a  court  of  law. 

Canon,  a  person  who  performs  divine 
service. 

ship,  the  office 

Bishop,  an  overseer  in  the  church — a 
preaching  elder. 

ric 

Elder,  an  officer  in  the  cliurch. 

Queen,  the  wife  of  a  king,  or  a  wo- 
man who  is  the  chief  ruler. 


THIRTY 


IXTH       STUDY. 


THE   LEARNED    CALLINGS. 


Some  of  tbe  callings  of  life  require  mucli  knowledge,  in 
order  to  attend  to  tliem  in  a  proper  way.  They  are  known 
as  the  learned  professions.  Such  are  the  pursuits  of  the 
teacher,  lawyer,  doctor,  and  minister. 


"^ 


78 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY. 


Teach,  to  impart  knowledge. 

s,  ivg 

Taught,  did 


ing 


-er,  one  who 


Laav,  a  rule  of  life. 

yer,  one  who  practises 

. maker,  one  who  makes 

giver,  one  who  gives 

breaker,  one  who  breaks 

day,  the  day  of  open  courts. 

Oat ,  a  person  without  the  care 

s,  less,  lessly,  lessness  — — 

-ful,  fully,  fulness 

Heal,  to  cure  diseases. 


-er,  one  who  heals. 


Pkiest,  one  who  attends  to  sacrifice. 

flood,  the  state 

ly,  like,  liness 

Canon,  a  church  law. 

Worship,  to  perform  acts  of  religion. 

s,  ed,  ing,  er 

Monk,  a  man  who  retires  from  the 

world  to  attend  to  religion. 

iith,  hood 

Nun,  a  woman  wiio  retires  from  the 

world  to  attend  to  religion. 
isK  ishness 


CHAPTER    VI. 
TOOLS     AND     WORKS     OF     MAN. 

Business  requires  tools  or  instruments.  Man  cannot  fol- 
low any  trade  or  occupation  without  them.  Tliey  increase 
his  power,  and  help  him  to  master  all  things.  Works  spring 
up.  These  are  the  products  of  busy  man,  and  are  monu- 
ments of  his  skill.     Their  study  is  the  study  of  man. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH       8TFDT. 
TOOLS    AND    WORKS    OF   THE   HUNTER   AND    FISHER. 

The  first  pursuits  of  man  were  carried  on,  only,  by  a  few 
rude  instruments.     His  knowledge  was  very  limited. 

Bow,  an  instrument   made  of    bent  Arrow,  a  barbed  weapon  shot  with  a 

wood  and  a  string.  bow. 

Cross ,  a  bow  placed   across  a    head,  the  head  of 

stock.  shaped,  shaped  like 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY.  79 

Trap,  an  instrument  that  shuts  with  Seine,  a  large  net  for  taking  fish, 

a  spring.  Weir,  a  fence  of  sticks  in  a  river  to 

Shot,  a  missile  weapon,  bail,  bullet.  take  fish. 

EoD,  a  pole  for  fishing.  Net,  an  instrument  made  o?  interwo- 

HooK,    a   curved   or  bent  piece  of  ven  twine. 

metal.  Handle,  the  part  of  a  tool  held  in  the 

Fish ,  a  hook  to  catch hand. 


THIRTY-EIGHT  n      STUDY. 
TOOLS   AND   WORKS   OF  THE  FARMER. 

The  tillage  of  the  ground  requires  instruments.  At  first, 
these  were  few  and  rude.  Now  they  are  much  improved. 
The  farmer  has  a  fine  tool  for  every  kind  of  work. 

Plough,  «.  an  instrument  to  furrow  Hay,  cut  and  dried  grass. 

land.  Crop,  s.  the  gatliered  products  of  the 
share,  s.  the  part  of  a  plougii  earth. 

that  cuts.  Wheat,  a  useful  grain  from  which 
tail,  the  hind  part flour  is  obtained. 


Mould-board,  s.  the  part  of  a  plough     ear,  an  ear 

that  turns  over  the  furrow.  Barley,  a  grain  somcAvhat  like  wheat. 

Bpade,  s.   an  instrument  to  dig  the  Bear,  a  kind  of  barley. 

ground.  Heap,  a  pile,  as  of  grain. 

MArrocK,  s.  a  pick-axe  with  broad  iron  Oat;  s.  a  kind  of  grain  used  for  cattle. 

ends.  Rye,  a  grain  like  wheat,  but  not  so 

Shovel,   s.  a  hollow  instrument  to  good. 

tlirow  up  earth.  Flax,   a  plant  from  which  linen  is 

Hoe,  s.  an  instrument  to   cut  weeds  made. 

and  loosen  the  earth.  Whip,  s.  an  instrument  for  driving 

Rake,  s.  an  instrument  to  gather  grass  animals. 

together.  Gad,  s,  a  rod  to  drive  beasts. 

Hand ,  a  rake  used Goad,  s.  a  pointed  stick  to  urge  on 

Horse ,  a  rake  used beasts. 

Sickle,  s.  a  curved  instrument  to  cut  Fetter,  s.  a  chain  to  bind  the  feet  of 

grain  with.  beasts. 

ScTifiE,  «.  an  instrument  for  mowing    less 

grass.  Un ,  not 


80 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


Bridle,  the  instrument  by  -which  a 

horse  is  guided. 
Blade,  s.  the  cutting  part  of  a  tool. 
Shears,  an  instrument  to  crop  with. 

.•^HEEP ,  shears  to  crop 

Hedge ,  shears  to  crop 

Hedge,  a  thicket  of  thorns. 
"Wall,  a  defense  of  stones. 
Bin,  8.  a  wooden  box  for  grain. 
Rack,  s.  an  open  frame  from  which 

horses  eat  haj. 


Cart,  s.  a  carriage  with  two  wheels. 

Dray,  s.  a  low  cart. 

Wagon,    s.    a    carriage    with    four 
wheels. 

Barn,  s.   an   outhouse  for  hay  and 
grain. 

Stile,  s.   steps  for  going  up  and  down 
in  passing  over  a  wall. 

Bower,  s.  a  sheltered  place  in  a  gar- 
den. 


THIETY-NINTH      STUDY. 


tools  and  works  of  the  iiousewrigiit. 

The  carpenter,  at  the  present  day,  lias  a  cliest  of  tools. 
He  is  well  furnished  for  his  work.  In  olden  times,  his 
instruments  were  few. 


Axe,  s.  an  instrument  to  hew  timber 

»nd  chop  wood. 

Is  the  axe  a  good  instrument  ? 

handle,  the  handle  of  an 

heady  the  head  of 

Hammer,  s.  an  instrument  to  driye  or 

draw  nails. 
Saw,  s.  a  toothed  instrument  to  cut 

wood. 

blade,  the  blade  of 

handle,  the  handle  of 

Auger,  s.  a  tool  to  bore  large  holes. 

hole,  the  hole 

HousE»  8.  a  building  for  man  to  live  in. 


Ladder,  s.  a  frame  of  wood  joined  by 
rounds. 

Gate,  s.  a  large  door  into  an  inclosed 
place. 

waj/,  the  way . 

Bier,  a  fi'ame  like  a  barrow  to  bear 
the  dead  on. 

Chest,  s.  a  wooden  box  to  hold  things. 

Box,  s.  a  woode^i  chest. 

Tower,  s.  a  building  used  for  defense. 

Steeple,  s.  the  turret  of  a  church  end- 
ing in  a  point. 

Bridge,  &  a  building  raised  over  a 
liver. 


PORTIETH      STUDY. 
THE  TOOLS   AND   WORKS   OF   THE  WHEELWRIGHT. 

Carriages,  very  early  in  the  history  of  the  world,  became 
want  of  man.     He  was  unable  to  convey  himself,  or  his 


STUDIES  m  ANGLO-SAXOK  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


81 


goods,  as  lie  wished,  from  place  to  place,  without  them. 
The  wheelwright  came  to  his  help.  His  tools  are,  in  the 
main,  the  same  as  those  of  the  honsewright.  His  works  are 
different 


Wheel,  s.  a  circular  frame  of  wood 

for  a  carriage. 

Is  a  wheel  circular  ? 
Nave,  s.  the  thick  piece  of  timber  in 

the  centre  of  a  wheel. 
Spoke,  s.  a  bar  of  a  wheel. 
RiM,  8.  the  border  of  the  wheel. 
Cart,  s.  a  carriage  with  two  wheels, 

drawn  by  one  horse  or  ox. 


Wagon,  s.  a  carriage  with  four  wheels, 
drawn  by  one  or  more  horses. 

Dray,  a  low  cart. 

Wheelbarrow,  s.  a  frame  or  box  with 
one  wheel. 

Handbarrow,  s.  a  frame  with  handles, 
carried  by  two  men. 

Sledge,  s.  a  frame  moved  on  runners. 


FOETT-FIEST    STUDY. 


TOOLS   AND   WORKS   OF   THE   SHIPWRIGHT. 

The  sea  has  attractions.  Man,  as  he  gazed  upon  it,  wished 
to  cross  it.  For  a  long  time,  he  had  no  means  of  moving 
on  water.  The  shipwright  supplied  them  in  the  ship  and 
boat.  His  tools  are  like  those  of  the  wheelwright  and 
housewright.     His  works  are  widely  different. 


Ship,  s.  a  large  vessel  made  to  float 

on  water. 

Did  the  Saxons  call  their  8hips,keels? 
Hull,  s.  the  frame  or  body  of  a  vessel. 
Helm,  s.  the  instrument  with  which  a 

ship  is  steered. 
Keel,  s.  the  timber  that  extends  from 

stem  to  stern  of  a  sliip. 
Stem,  the  fore  part  of  a  ship. 
Stern,  the  hinder  part  of  a  ship. 
Mast,  s.  a  round  piece  of  timber  on 

which  sails  are  fastened. 

head,  the  top  of 

Main — —,  the  chief 

4* 


Deck,  s.  the  covering  of  a  ship. 

Hold,  the  hollow  part  of  a  ship. 

Boat,  s.  an  open  vessel  moved  by  oars. 

Oar,  «.  an  instrument  to  row  boats. 

Ballast,  heavy  matter  placed  in  tha 
hold  of  a  ship. 

Wharf,  s.  a  raised  mound  of  stone, 
earth,  or  wood,  on  tlie  shore. 

Piepx,  5,  a  raised  mass  of  stone  extend- 
ing into  a  sea  or  river. 

Sail,  s.  a  spread  of  canvas,  sewed  with 
a  double  seam,  and  edged  witli  cord. 

Rope,  s.  a  thick  line  of  several  twists 
or  strands. 


82 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHy. 


FOETY-SEOOND     STUDY. 
TOOLS   AND   WORKS    OF   THE   MILLWEIGHT. 

Man,  at  first,  lived  on  the  fruit  of  the  earth.  Grains  were 
afterwards  cultivated  and  ground  into  flour.  To  do  this,  a 
mill  was  needed — the  work  of  the  millwright. 


Mill,  s.  a  machine  for  making  flour, 
or  the  house  in  whicli  this- machine 
is  kept 

stone,  a  stone  for  grinding  in 

How  many  kinds  of  mill  are  there 
now? 

Bam,  a  wall  or  bank  raised  to  ob- 
struct water. 

"Wheel,  s.  a  circular  frame  of  wood 
or  iron. 


-,  a  wheel  turned  • 


"Water- 
Breast ,  a  wheel  that  receives 

the  water  abreast. 
Over-shot ,  a  wheel  that  re- 
ceives the  water  from  above. 
Under-shot ,  a  wheel  that  re- 
ceives the  water  from  below. 
Hopper,  s,  a  wooden  trough  through 
which  grain  passes  into  the  mill. 


FORTY- THIRD        STUDY. 
TOOLS   AND   WORKS   OF   THE   SMITHS. 

The  iorge  of  the  blacksmith  resounds  with  the  clank  of 
tools.     Many  useful  works  are  produced  there. 


Anvil,  s.  an  iron  block  with  a  smooth 

face. 

Is  an  anvil  made  of  iron  ? 
Sledge,  s.  a  large  hammer. 
Tongs,  a  tool  of  two  shafts,  joined  at 

one  end. 
Bellows,  an  instrument  to  blow  the 

fire. 
Linchpin,  s.  an  iron  pin  used  to  keep 

the  wheel  of  a  carriage  on. 
Plough,  an  instrument  to  furrow  land. 
Spade,  an  instrument  to  dig  with. 
Shovel,  an  instrument  to  throw  up 

earth. 
HojE,  an  instrument  to  stir  the  soil. 


Wedge,  a  piece  of  iron  thick  at  one 

end  and  sloping  to  the  other. 
Shoe,  s.  a  rim  of  iron  nailed  to  the 

foot  of  a  horse. 
Nail,  s.  a  pointed  piece  of  iron  with 

a  head. 
Hasp,  s.  a  clasp  that  passes  over  a 

staple. 
Lock,  s.  an  instrument  to  fasten  doors. 
Key,  s.  an  instrument  to  shut  or  open 

a  lock. 

hole,  the  hole  of 

Ward,  s.  part  of  the  lock  that  agrees 

to  part  of  the  key. 
Spring,  s.  an  elastic  part  of  a  lock. 


STUDIES  m  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


FOETY-FOUBTH       STUDY. 
TOOLS   AND   WOKKS   OF   THE   WEAVER. 

The  wants  of  man  called  for  clothing.  His  taste  de- 
manded fine  materials.  The  weaver  arose  to  meet  his  wants 
and  taste. 


Loom,  s.  a  frame  of  wood  for  weaving. 
Did  Jacquard  invent  the  modern 
loom  I 

Slaie,  a  weaver's  reed. 

Reed,  a  weaver's  instrument  to  sepa- 
rate the  threads  of  the  warp. 

Spindle,  s.  the  pin  used  in  spinning- 
wheels  for  twisting  the  thread. 

Yarn,  thread  spun  from  wool  or  flax. 


Silk,  the  thread  of  silk-worms. 
Warp,  the  yarn  that  runs  lengthwise 

in  the  loom. 
Woof,  the  yarn  that  runs  across  the 

loom. 
Web,  s.  cloth  woven  out  of  yarn. 
Spinning-wheel,   a  wheel  on   which 

thread  is  spun. 
Knot,  the  union  of  thread  or  cords. 


FOETY-FIFTH      STUDY. 
TOOLS  AND    WORKS   OF  THE   MANUFACTURER. 

Man,  by  skill,  and  the  aid  of  instruments,  has  changed  the 
raw  materials  of  the  earth,  and  produced  many  noble  works. 


Glass,  a  hard,  brittle  substance  com- 
posed of  sand  and  potash. 
Is  glass  useful  ? 

Cloth,  a  material  made  of  wool,  hair, 
or  flax. 

Woolen ,  cloth  made  of 

Oil .  cloth  made  of 


Hair — 
Silk,  a 


— ,  cloth  made  of 

kind  of  cloth  made  of  the 


thread  of  the  silk-worm. 
Shoe,  a  cover  for  the  foot. 
Glove,  a  cover  for  the  hand. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Tin d,  not 

Cap,  a  cover  for  the  head,  chiefly  of 

children. 


Hat,  a  cover  for  the  head,  of  a  cei'- 
tain  shape. 

Needle,  an  instrument  of  steel,  with 
an  eye  and  point. 

Pin,  an  instrument  with  a  point  and 
head,  used  for  fastening  apparel. 

Hose,  a  cover  for  the  leg. 

Comb,  a  toothed  instrument  for  ar- 
ranging or  clearing  the  hair. 

Comb,  to  arrange  the  hair  with  a 
comb. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Leather,  the  prepared  skin  of  animals. 
I^iQUOR,  a  fluid  substance  of  any  kind. 


84 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OKTHOGEAPHY. 


FOETY-SIXTH     STUDY. 


TOOLS    AND    WORKS    OF    THE    HOUSEWIFE. 

Housekeeping  requires  many  utensils.    These  were  few 
in  olden  times.     Now  they  are  greatly  multiplied. 


Meal,  the  substance  of  grain  ground. 

Is  meal  the  flour  of  corn  ? 
Sieve,  s.  an  instrument  that  separates 

meal  from  the  bran. 
Stove,  s.  an  iron  instrument  used  for 

making  fire  in. 
OvE\,  5.  a  place  for  baking  in. 
Fire,  s.  heat  made  from  wood  or  coal. 
Loaf,  s,  dough  shaped  and  baked. 
Bread,  dough   made  by  moistening 

and  kneading  flour,  and  baking  it. 
Kettle,  s.  a  hollow  vessel  used  to  boil 

water  in. 
Churx,  s.  a  vessel  in  which  milk  is 

agitated,  and  butter  made. 
Ladle,  an  instrument  with  a  bowl 

and  handle. 
Beetle,  s.  a  wooden  hammer. 


Bell,  s.  a  hollow  vessel  used  to  make 

sounds. 
Goxg,  s.  a  privy,  an  instrument  used 

to  make  sounds. 
Fork,  s.  an  instrument  with  a  handle 

and   points,    to   lift    food   to  the 

mouth. 
Knife,  s.  a  cutting  instrument  with  a 

sharp  edge. 
Needle,  s.  an  instrument  of  steel  used 

in  sewing. 
Comb,  s.  a  toothed  instrument  used  to 

arrange  the  liair. 
Fan,  s.  an  instrument  used  by  ladies  to 

put  the  air  in  motion. 
Besom,  s.  an  instrument,  or   brush, 

used  to  sweep  with. 
Token,  a  mark  of  love  and  attention. 


FORTY-SEVENTH       STUDY. 
TOOLS   AND   WORKS   OF  THE  SOLDIER. 

War  has  pressed  some  instruments  into  its  service.     The 
skill  of  man  has  been  used  in  making  weapons  of  death. 


Shield,  s.  a  broad  piece  of  armor. 

Is  the  shield  used  at  present  ? 
Target,  s.  a  small  shield. 
Sword,  s.  a  weapon  worn  at  the  side. 
Spear,  s.  a  long  pointed  weapon. 
Arrow,   s.   a    shaft   with  a  barbed 

head. 


Armor,  a  habit  worn  for  defense  in 

battle.  * 

Spur,  «.  an  instrument  worn  on  the 

heel  of  horsemen. 
Sling,    s.   an   instrument   to   throw 

stones. 
SnoTfc  a -bullet,  or  ball. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  85 

Bow,  s.  a  bent  piece  of  wood  and  Helmet,  s.  a  defense  for  the  head  in 

string.  battle. 

string,  the  string  of TowiK,  s.  a  building  used  for  defense. 

Oboss ,  a  bow  that  crosses  a  stock.  Castle,  ».  a  fortified  building. 


FOETY-EIGHTn      STUDY. 
TOOLS     AND     WOUKS     OF     LEARNED     BUSINESS. 

The  learned  callings  of  life  require  few  instruments. 
Their  works  are  various. 

Hakp,  s.  a  stringed  instrument  of  mu-  Desk,  an  inclined  table  to  write  on. 

sic.  Song,  a  little  poem. 

Is  a  harp  a  stringed  instrument  of  Book,  s.  the  thoughts  of  a  man  print- 
music  ?    .  ed  and  bound. 

Pipe,  s.  a  wind  instrument  of  music.  Word,  letters  or  sounds  used  as  the 
Pen,  s.  an  instrument  used  to  write        sign  of  a  thing. 

with.  Creed,  the  articles  of  belief. 

Inkhorn,  a  vessel  for  ink.  Speech,  a  discourse  in  public. 

FORTY-NINTH      STUDY. 
TOOLS   AND   WORKS   OF  DIFFERENT   KINDS   OF  BUSINESS. 

There  are  callings  about  which  the  Saxons  knew  little. 
The  names  of  tools  and  works  connected  with  some  of  these, 
we  will  place  together. 

"Watch,  an   instrument   to   measure    Saddle,  s.  a  seat  to  be  placed  on  a 
time.                                                            horse's  back. 
Is  a  watch  moved  by  a  spring  ?  r,  one  who 


-glnsn,  a  glass  that Awl,  «.  a  pointed  tool  used  to  make 

spring,  an  elastic  piece  of  steel        holes  in  leather. 


in  a  watch.  Shoe,  s.  a  cover  of  leather  for  the  foot. 

Clock,    an    instrument    moved    by     maker,  one  who  makes 

weights  to  keep  time.  Last,  s.  a  form  of  the  foot  made  of 
work,  the  works  of wood. 


86 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON   OETHOGRAPHY. 


Glove,  «.  a  cover  for  the  hand. 

r,  one  who 

Hat,  a  covering  for  the  head. 

er,  one  who  makes 

Kiln,  an  oven  of  stone  or  brick  for 

burning   lime,   or   hardening    any 

thing. 
Road,  an  open  way  for  travel. 
Park,  an  inclosed  piece  of  ground. 


"Well,  a  place  dug  to  obtain  water. 
Mound,  a  bank  of  earth  raised  for 

defense. 
Drrcii,  a  trench  dug  in  the  earth. 
Timber,  wood  prepared  for  building. 
Tow,  the  broken  and  coarse  part  of 

flax. 
Toll,  a  tax  paid  for  some  privilege. 


FIFTIETH      STUDY 


WEIGHTS   AND    MEASURES. 


Weights  and  measures  are  portable  instruments  by  wbicli 
men  find  tlie  value  of  alt  quantities. 


Scale,  a  balance  to  weigh  things. 

Is  a  scale  much  used  ? 
Weight,  a  mass  of  iron  or  brass  as  a 

standard  for  weighing  other  things. 
Pound,  a  weight  of  twelve  ounces. 
Hundred,  a  weight  of  one  hundred 

pounds. 
Ton,  a  weight  of  twenty  hundred. 
Grain,    the   weight   of  a   kernel   of 

wheat 
Foot,  a  measure  of  length  of  twelve 

inches. 


Yard,  a  measure  of  three  feet. 

Span,  a  measure  of  the  length  be* 
tween  the  thumb  and  little  finger. 

Fathom,  a  measure  of  six  feet. 

Money,  coin  used  as  a  measure  of 
value. 

Pound,  money  valued  at  twenty  shil- 
lings. 

Shilling,  money  valued  at  twelve 
pence. 

Pknny,  money  made  of  copper. 

Farthing,  the  fourth  of  a  pennji 


FIFTY-FIKST      STUDY, 

NUMBERS. 

Numbers  are  tlie  finest  instruments  of  the  mind. 


One,  the  sign  of  a  single  tiling. 
Is  one  a  number  \ 


Five, 
Slx.  - 


Two,  the  sign  of  one  and  one  thing.  Seven, 
Thbee,  the  sign  of  two  and  one  thing.  Eight, 
Four, Nine,  • 


STUDIES  IN  AKGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


87 


Ten, 

First,  the  foremost  in  the  order  of 

place  and  time. 
Second,  next  in  order. 
TuiRD,  first  after  the  second. 
Fourth,  ■ 


Fifth,  — 
Sixth,  — 
Seventh, 
Eighth,  - 
Kinth,  — 
Tenth,  — 


CHAPTER     VII. 

TnE   WOEKS   OF  TOE   CEEATOK. 

The  tools  and  works  of  man  introduce  us  to  tlie  works 
of  tlie  Creator.  We  go  forth  from  home  to  gaze  upon  the 
earth  and  heavens.  We  drop  the  hoe  or  spade  to  pick  up  a 
flower,  or  gaze  upon  some  cloud  sailing  in  the  blue  sky. 
Man,  for  the  moment,  is  forgotten ;  and  we  feel  the  presence 
of  the  Creator — God  over  all,  blessed  for  evermore. 

FIFTY-SECOND     STUDY. 


THE    EARTH. 


The  earth  is  the  Lord's,  and  the  fulness  thereof, 
earth  hath  He  given  to  the  children  of  men. 


The 


Earth,  the  world  in  which  we  live. 

Is  the  earth  round  like  a  ball  ? 
Earth,  the  dust  and  mould  on  which 

we  tread. 

y,  ly,  liness,  liny 

en,  made  of 

ware,  crockery  made 

born,  born  of 

bound,  fastened  to 


quake,  a  shaking  of 

Sea,  s.  a  large  body  of  water. 

•^~board,  the  shore 

—^breeze,  wind  blowing  from  - 
— man,  a  sailor. 
like,  ship. 


Water,  a  useful  and  abundant  fluid. 

?/,  less,  ish,  ishness. 

Land,  the  solid  matter  of  our  world. 

breeze,  air  moving  from  the  — — 

-flood,  an  overflowing 

-force,  troops  serving 

holder,  an  owner  of 

lady,  a  lady  having  tenants. 

lord,  the  owner  of 

mark,  a  mark  to  bound         ■ 

sman,  one  who  lives 

tax,  a  tax  of  money 

Land,  to  set  on  shore. 
s,  ed,  ing 


88  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


PIFTY-THIKD      STUDY. 
BODIES   OF   LAND. 

The  land  or  solid  part  of  tlie  earth  is  divided  into  parts. 
Tliese  are  to  be  named  and  known. 

HiLi^  s.  a  small  rise  of  land.  Dell,  s.  a  hollow  place  between  hills 

Are  hills  pleasing  to  the  eye  ?  Glex,  s.  a  deep  hollow  place  between 

y,  iness hills. 

fop,  the  top  of  a  hill.  Suore,  s.  tlie  land  bordering  on  the 

Gck,  a  small sea. 

Mount,  a  mass  of  earth  higher  than  a  hill.  less 

Mount,  to  rise  on  high.  Island,  a  tract  of  land  surrounded  by 

— — — s,  ed,  ing,  er water. 


Peak,  s.  the  point  of  a  hill  or  mount.  er,  one  who  dwells 

ish,  ed Pit,  s.  a  deep  place  in  the  earth. 

Ridge,  s.  a  range  of  hills  or  mounts.  Dust,  dry,  powdered  earth. 

,  to  form  a  ridge.  y,  iness 

s,  ed,  ing,  y Dust,  to  free  from  dust. 

Cliff,  s.  a  high  steep  rock.  s,  ed,  ing 

Bank,  s.  a  pile  of  raised  earth.  brush,  a  brush  to  free . 

,  to  raise  a  mound  of  oarth.  Swamp,    s.    spongy   land  filled  with 

s,  ed,  ing water. 

Knoll,  s.  a  little  round  hill.  Ledge,  an  elevated  row  of  rocks. 

Meadow,  a  tract  of  low  land.  Sward,  the  grassy  surface  of  land. 


F  I  F  T  T-F  O  U  E  T  H     STUDY. 
BODIES    OF   WATER. 

The  water  on  the  surface  of  tlie  earth  appears  in  various 
bodies  that  have  names  and  uses. 

"Water,  a  fluid  of  great  use  and  very     Un not 


abundant.  -faU,  a  descent  of 

Is  water  used  for  drink  ?  wheel,  a  wheel  moved 

-y,  iness,  less,  ish  .  — — man,  a  boatman. 


"Water,  to  supply  with  water.                 Foam,  froth  formed  in  water. 
s,  ed,  ing y,  iness 


STUDIES   IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY. 


Sound,  a  narrow  sea,  or  strait.  Stream,  s.  a  current  or  flow  of  water. 

^  to  measure  the  depth  of  water  ,  to  flow  as  water. 

by  lead  and  line.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing,  less Cueek,  a  small  inlet  of  the  sea. 


Bay,  an  arm  of  the  sea. 
Shoal,  s.  shallow  water. 


Harbor,  a  port  for  ships. 


FIFTY-FIFTH      STUDY. 
MINERAL    BODIES    OF    THE    EARTH. 

The  eartli,  especially  tlie  land,  is  made  up  of  various 
kinds  of  minerals  and  metals.  Some  of  these  were  known 
to  the  Saxons. 


Iron,  a  grayish,  hard,  and  useful  me- 
tal. 
Is  iron  made  into  steel  ? 

• smith,  a  worker 

bound,  bound 

•Jilinga,  particles  of 

foundry,  the  place  where  cast- 

•  ings 

Iron,  to  arm  with  iron,  or  smooth. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Tin,  a  whitish,  soft,  elastic  metaL 

smith,  a  worker  in 

7nine,  a  mine 

Tin,  to  cover  with  tin. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Silver,  a  white,  brilliant  metal. 

smith,  a  worker  in 

Silver,  to  coat  with  silver. 

s,  ed,  ing,  y 

Gold,  a  yellow,  heavy,  and  precious 
metal. 


heater,  one  who  beats 

dust,  particles 

leaf,  leaf  or  thin 

smith,  a  worker  in 

Gild,  to  overlay  with  gold. 

s,  ed,  ing,  er 

Lead,  a  dull,  whitish,  and  soft  metal. 

en,  made  of 

'pencil,  an  instrument  to  draw 

lines. 
White ,  carbon  and  lead  used  as 

a  paint. 
Red ,  oxygen  and  lead  used  as  a 

paint 
Brass,  a  metal,  known  as  an  alloy  of 

copper  and  zinc. 
Steel,  iron  combined  with  carbon. 

,  to  point  with  steel. 

s,  ed,  ing^  y 

yard,  the  Roman    balance,  or 

scales. 


90  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGKAPHT. 


FIFTY-SIXTH      STUDY. 
HI.VERAL    BODIES     OF    THE    EAKTII    CONTINUED. 

Coal,  a  solid  black  substance  used  for  Sand,  fine,  gritty  particles. 

fuel.  y,  ish,  iness 

Is  coal  a  vegetable  or  a  mineral  ?  stojie,  a  stone  composed  — — 

Collier,  s.  one  who  digs  coaL  Flint,  s.  a  grayish  black  stone. 

pit,  a  pit  where s,  y 

mi7ie,  a  mine  where glass,  the  purest 

miner,  a  man  who  works Clay,  oily  earth. 

scuttle,  a  vessel  for  carrying ey,  ish 

Salt,  a  compound  substance  used  for  Loam,  y.  a  mixture  of  sand  and  clay, 

seasoning.  Brimstone,  roll  sulphur. 

,  to  season  with  salt.  Chalk,  a  dull  white  earth. 

s,  ed,  ing,  y,  less,  ish,  ness  — —  y,  iness 

inine,  a  mine  where Limestone,  a  gray  stone  from  which 

spring,  a  spring  of lime  is  made. 

FIFTY-SEVENTH       STUDY, 
VEGETABLE    BODIES    OF   THE    EARTH. 

The  solid  earth  is  clothed  with  plants.  Many  of  these 
were  observed  and  named  by  our  Saxon  forefathers.  The 
plants  of  England  received  much  attention  irom  them. 


Tree,  s,  a  plant  whose  stem  is  large  Asii,  a  grayish  and  stately  tree,  sup- 

and  woody.  plying  good  wood. 

How  long  does  it  take  an  acorn  to  Birch,   a   whitish   or   blackish   tree, 

grow  an  oak  tree  ?  whose  twigs  are  long  and  slender. 

less,  without en 

Willow,  s.  a  tree  of  a  drooping  form.  Beech,  en.  a  fine  tree  of  silvery  bark. 

Sallow,  s.  a  kind  of  willow  of  a  sickly  Elm,  s.  a  stately  tree  with  drooping 

hue.  limbs. 

Oak^  s.  a  hardy  and  noble  tree,  sup-  Linden,  s.  a  fine  cone-like  tree,  with 

plying  fine  timber.  rich  flowers. 

en,  ling Hawthorn,  s.  a  small  tree  bearing  the 

Maple,  s.  a  tree  of  a  cone-like  form.  liaw. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGEAPHY.  91 

Holly,  a  tree  of  a  rich  glossy  foliage.  Hemlock,  a  kind  of  fir  whose  leaves 
Apple-tree,  s.  a    tree    bearing    the        are  prisms. 

apple.  Chestnut,  a  large,  spreading  tree,  use- 
Pear-tree,  a  tree  bearing  a  rich  fruit        ful  for  its  nut  and  timber. 

like  the  apple.  Horse ,  a  cone-like  tree,  bear- 

Plum-tree,  a  tree  bearing  plums.  ing  rich  flowers — native  to  Africa. 

Fir,  an  evergreen,  cone-like  tree,  use-  Yew,  an  evergreen  tree,  like  the  fir. 

ful  for  timber. 

FIFTY-EIGHTH      STUDY. 
SHRUBS. 

Shrub,  a  dwarf  tree.  Heath,  a  drj,  brittle,  and  brownish 

Is  the  rose-bush  a  shrub  f  shrub. 

ij,  iness,  less Whortleberry,    a  shrub   bearing    a 

Thorn,  a  shrub  having  spinea  fine  beny. 

1/,  less Mistletoe,   a  shrub  growing  on  the 

Hazel,  a  shrub  bearing  a  fine  nut.  oak. 

Brier,  s.  a  shrub  full  of  small  thorns.  Ivy,  a  climbing  shrub  that  grows  on 

y,  ed walls. 

Bramble,  any  rough  prickly  shrub.  Madder,  a  plant  used  in  dyeing. 

Furze,  a  thorny  evergreen  shrub  with  Wormwood,  a  small,  bitter  shrub. 

yellow  blossoms. 

FIFTY-NINTH      STUDY. 


Nettle,  s.    an  herb  whose  prickles  Fern,  a  plant  whose  fruit  is  on  the 

raise  blisters.  back  of  the  leaf. 

Will  the  juice  of  the  nettle   cure  Rue,  a  plant  used  in  medicine. 

burns  ?  Fennel,    a    plant    yielding    scented 

Hemlock,  a  poisonous  plant.  seeds. 

SIXTIETH     STUDY. 


Grass,  plants  that  form  the  food  of    Orchard ^,  grass  that  grows 

cattle.  Sedge,    coarse     grass     growing     in 

Are  grasses  very  useful?  swamps. 

Meadow ,  grass  that  grows Reed,  grass  with  hollow  jointed  stein- 


92 


STUDIES  IN  ANaLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


Clover,  a  plant  with  three  leaves. 
RvE,  a  useful  grain,  and  easily  raised. 
Barley,  a    bearded    kind    of  grain 

nsed  for  making  malt. 
Bear,  a  kind  of  barley. 
Flax,  a   plant  that  yields  fibre  for 

thread. 


Hemp,  a  plant  whose  skin  is  used  for 

cords. 
Sorrel,  a  plant  of  an  acid  taste. 
Wheat,  next  to  rice,  the  most  useful 

grain. 
Oat,  a  plant  yielding  a  grain  for  food. 


SIXTY-FIEST      STUDY. 


VEGETABLES. 


Bean,  a  plant  with  a  straight  -stalk 

yielding  a  flat  seed. 

Are  beans  used  for  food  ? 
Pea,  a  climbing  plant  yielding  a  pea 

good  for  food. 
Radish,  a  plant  whose  root  is  eaten 

raw. 


Leek,  a  plant  with  a  bulbous  root. 
Garlic,  a  plant  with  a  bulbous  root 

and  acid  taste. 
Parsnip,   s.  a  plant  with   a   spindle 

root  and  used  for  food. 
Turnip,  a  plant  whose  bulbous  root 

is  ffood  for  food. 


SIXTY-SECOND      STUDY 

FLOWERS. 


Daisy,   a  bright,  button-like  flower, 

called  the  eye  of  day. 

Has  Burns  immortalized  the  daisy  ? 
Poppy,  a  showy  plant  whose  juice 

produces  sleep. 


Mallows,  a  soft,  large-leafed  plant, 

with  depressed  fi-uita. 
Blossom,  the  flower  of  plants 
Thistle,    a    prickly    plant    with    tt 

showy  head. 


SIXTY- THIRD     STUDY, 
SOME   PRODUCTIONS    OF   PLANTS. 


Trees  and  shrubs  yield  fruits  of  various  kinds  tliat  are 
useful  for  food.     Some  of  them  are  luxuries. 


Apple,  the  ft-uit  of  the  apple-tree. 

Is  the  apple  a  large  iruit  ? 
Pear,  a  large  fruit  like  tiie  apple. 
Nut,  a  fruit  consisting  of  a  shell  and 

kernel. 


Plum,  a  fine  stone  fruit. 

Berry,  a  pulpy  f^uit  mostly  found  on 

shrubs. 
Haw,  the  berry  of  the  thorn. 
Sloe,  the  fruit  of  the  wild  plum. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


93 


Acorn,  the  nut  of  tlie  oak. 

Corn,  the  seed  of  such  plants  as 
wheat,  rye,  and  maize. 

Tau,  a  thick,  dark,  resia-like  sub- 
stance. 


Pixai,  the  thick  juice  of  certain  trees. 
Gum,  the  clear  and  pleasant  juice  of 

some  trees. 
Starch,   a  white   substance  without 

smell  or  taste. 


SIXTT-FOFRTH     STUDY, 


THE   PARTS    OF   PLANTS. 


The  smallest  plant  consists  of  several  parts,  all  of  wliicli 
have  their  use.  The  Saxons  observed  and -named  some  of 
them. 


Stem,  the  bodj  of  a  plant. 

Is  the  stem  always  wood? 
Bough,  the  arm  or  branch  of  a  tree. 
Twig,  the  smallest  bough  of  a  plant. 
Wood,  the  solid  part  of  a  tree. 
Pith,  the  spongy  centre  of  a  tree. 
Bark,  the  outward  covering  of  a  tree. 


Sap,  the  juice  of  a  tree. 

Leaf,  s.  the  broad  organs  that  rise 

out  of  the  small  boughs. 
Blossom,  the  flower  of  a  j)lant. 
Seed,    the    substance    from     which 

plants  are  produced. 
Kernel,  the  eatable  part  of  a  nut. 


IXTT-FIFTH     STUDY. 


ANIMAL  BODIES  OF  THE  EARTH. 


The  earth  is  more  than  clothed  and  made  beautiful  by 
trees,  shrubs,  grasses,  and  flowers.  It  is  animated — it  is 
alive.  Animals,  or  living  creatures,  are  found  on  the  land, 
in  the  air,  and  in  the  depths  of  the  water.  The  Saxons 
observed  and  named  many  of  them 
to  be  seen. 


These  names  are^now 


DOMESTIC   BEASTS   OR   ANIMALS. 


Ox,  en.  the  male  of  the  cow  tribe. 
Is  the  ox  used  in  ploughing  ? 

Cow,  8.  the  female  of  domestic  ani- 
mals with  cloven  feet,  that  gives 
milk. 

Horse,  a  fine  animal  with  uncleft 
hoof. 


Colt,  a  young  horse. 
Bullock,  a  young  or  little  bull. 
Sheep,  a  small  quadruped  useful  for 

food  and  wool. 
Ram,  the  male  of  the  sheep. 
Goat,  an  animal  somewhat  like  the 

sheep,  but  with  hollow  horns. 


94 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGEAPHY. 


Lamb,  a  young  sheep. 
Stud,  .<?.  a  horse  for  war — a  fine  horse. 
Mare,  the  female  of  the  horse  class. 
Flock,  a  company,  as  of  sheep. 
Swine,  a  thick-skinned  animal  used 

for  food. 
Pig,  the  young  of  swine. 
IIouND,   s.  a  kind  of  dog  used  for 

hunting. 


Grey- 

IIORN, 


,  a  hound  of  great  speed. 

a  hard  substance  growing 


on  the  heads  of  some  animals. 

Hoof,  s.  a  horny  substance  that  cov- 
ers the  feet  of  animals. 

Hide,  s.  the  skin  of  an  animal. 

Marrow,  a  soft  substance  found  in 
the  hollow  of  bones. 


BIXTr-SIXTH      STUDY 


WILD   animals. 


The  most  of  animals  remain  wild.    Tliej  liave  never  been 
tamed  by  man,  and  are  not  likely  to  be  used  in  his  service. 


Elephant,  s.  a  thick-skinned  animal 

of  great  size. 

Is    the   elephant    used    much    in 
Asia? 
Deer,  an  animal  like  the  goat,  whose 

meat  is  food. 
Rein •.  a   deer  that  is  found  in 

cold  regions. 
Fallow ,  a  small  kind  of  deer  al- 
most domesticated. 
Doe,  the  female  of  the  fallow-deer. 
Stag,  the  male  red  deer. 
Hart,  s.  the  female  red  deer. 
Roe,  the  smallest  of  the  deer  kind. 
Buck,  the  male  of  the  fallow-deer,  or 

goat. 
Elk,  s.  a  large  kind  of  deer  called 

moose. 
Hare,   ».  a  small  animal  with  long 


ears  and  a  very  short  tail. 
Fox,  an  animal  like  a  dog,  and  very 

cunning. 
Bear,  a  lar^je,  unsightly  animal,  found 

in  cold  climates. 
Boar,  the  wild  hog. 
Otter,  s.  a  small  animal  that  lives  in 

water  and  has  web  feet. 
Rat,  s.  an  animal  like   a  mouse,  but 

larger. 
Mouse,   a  small  animal   that  dwells 

chiefly  in  houses. 
Ape,  s.  a  four-handed  animal  living 

in  warm  countries. 
Toad,  s.  a  small  clumsy  animal  like 

the  frog. 
Frog,  s.  a  small  animal  that  lives  on 

land  and  water. 
Tadpole,  a  young  frog. 


SIXTY-SEVENTH      STUDY. 


WATER   ANIMALS. 


The  water,  as  well  as  the  land  of  the  earth,  is  full  of  liv- 
ing creatures.     Many  of  these  are  useful  to  man. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGRAPHY.  95 

Fish,  an  animal  with  scales  and  fins.  Whale,  a  lai'ge  animal  partly  fish. 

Are  fish  good  for  food?  Cuab,  an  animal  covered  with  a  crust- 

Herrixg,  a  fish  used  much  for  food.  like  shell. 

Trout,  a  fine  fish  found  in  fresh  and  Lobster,  an  animal  like  a  crab, 

salt  water.  Clam,  a  shell-fish  used  for  food. 

RcACH,  a  fresh-water  fish  with  shiny  Fix,  a  limb  of  a  fish  used  for  swim- 
scales,  ming. 

Seal,  a  dog-headed  animal  found  in  Scale,  a  small  crust  which  covers  a 

cold  countries.  fish. 


SIXTY-EIGHTH      STUDY. 

REPTILES. 

Eeptiles  were  not  known  mucli  to  tTie  Saxons.     This 
large  division  of  animals  is  found  cliiefly  in  hot  climates. 

SxAKE,  «.  a  serpent  like  the  eel  in  Worm,  s.   a  ringed   animal  without 

lorra.  feet. 

Are  snakes  poisonous  ?  Leech,  s.  a  worm-like  animal  used  for 

AobER,  «.  a  venomous  serpent  of  the  sucking  blood. 

viper  class.  Frog,  a  small  animal  with  four  feet, 

SxAiL,  s.  a  slimy,  slow-creeping  ani-  naked  body,  and  no  talL 

maL  Toad,  a  kind  of  frog. 

SIXTY-NINTH      STUDY. 


Insects  are  very  numerous  in  most  countries.  They 
swarm  in  hot  climates.  Some  of  them  are  found  in  Eng- 
land. 

Bee,  s.   a  small  winged  insect  that    House ,  a  common  black  fly  found 

makes  honey.  in  houses. 

Is  the  bee  useful  to  man  ?  Gad ,  a  large  fly  that  stings  cattle. 

Wasp,  ».  an  insect  like  the  bee.  Gnat,  s.  a  small  insect  whose  bite  is 

Hornet,  an  insect  like  the  wasp.  sharp. 

Fly,  8.  a  winged  insect   of  various  Beetle,   an  insect  with  a  crust-liko 

kinds.  covering. 


96 


STUDIES   IN"  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


Midge,  a  kind  of  gnat. 

Earwig,  an  insect  with  large  trans- 
parent wings. 

Moth,  .<?.  a  winged  insect  that  destroys 
clothes. 

Flea,  s.  a  small,  black,  troublesome 
.  insect. 


Louse,  s.  a  small   insect   that  lives 

on  plants  or  animals*. 
Mite,  a  very  small  insect  found  on 

cheese. 
Emmet,  a  small  insect,  as  the  ant 
Weevil,  .?.  a  small  insect  of  the  beetle 

tribe  that  destroys  grain. 


GEVENTIETH      STUDY. 


Birds  are  abundant  in  all  climates.     Their  forms  and 
plumage  please  the  eye.     The  song  of  many  of  them  de- 


lights the  ear. 

Hawk,  &  a  crooked-beaked  bird  that 

lives  on  flesh. 

Are  hawks  wild  ? 
Owl,  5.  a  strange  bird  that  flies  at 

night. 
Kite,  s.  a  bird  of  prey  that  can  fly 

without  moving  its  wings. 
Raven,  s.  an  unclean  bird  that  liyes 

on  dead  flesh. 
Crow,  s.  a  large  black  bird. 
Rook,  a    bird    like    the  crow,  that 

feeds  on  grain  and  insects. 
Lark,  s.  a  bird  noted  for  its  song. 
Thrush,  .s.  a  fine  singing  bird. 
Blackbird,  «.  a  kind  of  thrush. 
Swallow,  s.  a  bird  of  quick  motion 

and  flight. 
DovB,  s.  a  kind  of  pigeon. 


Cuckoo,  s.  a  wandering  bird  noted 
for  its  note. 

Swan,  s.  a  bird  like  the  goose,  witb 
arched  neck. 

Nightingale,  a  small  bird  that  sings 
at  night. 

Finch,  s.  a  small  singing  bird. 

Gold——,  a  finch  whose  head  is  tip- 
ped   

Chaf ,  a  finch  delighting  in 

Bul ,  a  finch  with  thick  bill  and 

crimson  head. 

Bird,  an  animal  with  legs  and  wings. 

Bill,  «.  the  beak  of  a  bird. 

"Wing,  s.  the  limb  of  a  bird  used  for 
flight. 

Claw,  s.  the  sharp  nail  of  a  bird. 


8EVENTT-FIES T      STUDY. 

DOMESTIC  BIRDS. 


Domestic  birds  add  much  interest  to  the  barn-yard. 
They  are  usefal,  and  adorn  the  home  of  man. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  97 

Fowl,  a  winged  animal.  Goose,  a  well-lcnown  domestic  water- 

Domestic ,  a  winged  animal fowl. 

Hen,  a  female  domestic  fowl.  Gander,  the  male 

Cock,  a  male  domestic  fowl.  Gosling,  a  little  or  young  goose, 
Chickkn,  the  young  of  domestic  fowl. 


6BVBNTT-SE0OND      STUDY. 
PRODUCTIONS   OF  ANIMALS. 

Animals  yield  man  many  things  that  are  useful.  They 
clothe  and  feed  him. 

Milk,  a  white  fluid  yielded  by  many  birds. 

animals.  Wool,  the  soft  hair  of  sheep. 

Is  milk  good  for  children  ?  y,  iness,  en 

Butter,  an  oily  substance  obtained  Oil,  a  greasy  substance  drawn  from 

from  milk.  animals. 

y,  less y,  incss 

Meat,  the  flesh  of  animals.  Hair,  the  mass  of  thread-like  covcr- 

Eqg,  «.  a  body  formed  by  female  ing  on  the  skin  of  animals, 

SEYENTT-TniED      STUDY. 
BODIES   IN  THE   HEAVENS. 

The  bodies  that  appear  in  the  heavens  early  attract  the 
infant  eye.  The  sun,  moon,  and  stars  have  fixed  the  atten- 
tion of  man  in  all  ages. 

Heavens,  the  region  that  surrounds  Moon,  the  body  that  lights  the  earth 

.  the  earth.  by  night 

Are  the  aerial  heavens  high  ?  Star,  a  twinkling  bright  body  in  the 

Sun,  the  body  that  lights  the  earth  heavens. 

by  day.  Welkin,  the  vault  of  heaven. 


93  STUDIES  IN  AJSIGLO'SAXON   ORTHOGRAPHY, 


CHAPTER    VIII. 
GOD. 

The  works  of  God  are  great,  sought  out  of  all  those  that 
have  pleasure  therein.  When  we  look  upon  their  form, 
number,  beauty,  and  use,  we  are  led  to  think  of  their  Crea- 
tor. 

8  B  VENTT-FOUBTn     S  T  IT  D  T  , 


"Where  is  God  my  Maker  ?  This  question  is  just  as 
simple  and  natural  as  to  ask,  Where  is  my  father  ? 

God,  the  Supreme  Being,  the  Good  head — ^the  Author  of  all  thinga. 

One.  Son,  the  second  person  in  the  God- 

— -/y,  liness,  like,  less,  lessness         ■  head — ^the  daysman. 

'-—head,  the  nature  of Holt  Ghost,  the  third  person  in  the 

Un — ?y,  not  like Godhead,  the  Spirit  that  makes  the 

Fathkb,  the  first  person  in  the  God-  soul  holy. 

8EVBNTT-PIFTH     8TT7DT. 
ATTRIBUTES  OF  GOD. 

The  attributes  of  God  are  those  qualities  that  belong  to 
Him.  We  find  the  names  of  some  of  them  in  the  Saxon 
part  of  our  language.  Their  names  are  impressive,  and 
stand  for  things  in  which  every  child  has  an  interest. 

Might,  strength  or  power.  Wisdom,  the  power  to  use  knowledge 

Is  the  might  of  God  great  ?  in  the  right  way. 

y,  abounding  in            '  Good,  a  quality  that  makes  happy. 

-        iness,  ily Goodness,  the  state  of  being  good. 

Almighty,  having  all  power.  True,  according  to  fact  or  what  is  — 

Know,  to  see  and  understand.  Truth,  the  standard  of  all  that  ia 
Knowledgb^  a  clear  understanding  of       good  and  wise  and  right 

things.  Holt,  pure  from  all  blemishes. 

Wise,  having  much  knowledge.  Holiness^  the  state  of  being  holy. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  99 


8  EVENT Y- 81  XT H      STUDT, 
RELATIONS   OF  GOD   TO  MAN. 

All  tliat  is  dear  in  objects  is  found  in  their  relations  to 
lis.  It  is  this  that  makes  one  man  a  father.  God  is  kindly 
related  to  us ;  and  His  relations  are  full  of  interest.  Have 
we  not  all  one  Father  ?    Hath  not  one  God  created  us  ? 

Maker,  the  Creator.  Pbace-makeg,    one    who    reconciles 

Is  God  the  Maker  of  man?  parties  at  variance. 

Hold,  to  keep  or  maintain.  Higii-peiest,  the  chief  priest. 

Up ,  to  support.  Shepherd,  one  who  feeds  and  guides 

Up f  r,  one  who  supports.  men  or  sheep. 

Rule,  to  govern  or  direct.  Father,  the  Author  of  our  being  and 

Ruler,  one  who  governs  or  directs.  happiness. 
Daysman,  a  mediator. 

BE  VB  NT  T-SE  VENTH     STUDT, 
THE  ABODE  OF  GOD. 

Heaven  is  His  throne,  and  the  earth  is  His  footstool. 
God  filleth  heaven  and  earth  with  His  fulness. 

Earth,  the  world  which  we  inhabit.        sun,  moon,  and  stars — the  dwelling- 
Heaten,  the  air — the  place  of  the        place  of  holy  angels. 


CHAPTER    IX. 
PLAOB      AND     TIMS. 

Place  and  time  belong  to  every  thing  which  we  know, 
and  require  a  passing  notice.  It  is  wise  to  notice  the  local- 
ity of  bodies,  and  the  time  when  events  happen.  The 
names,  of  some  places  and  divisions  of  time,  may  now  be 
studied,  and  the  things  for  which  they  stand,  understood. 


100 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGEAPHY. 


SEVENTY-EIQHTH     STUDY. 
PLACES   ON   TIIK   EARTH  AND   IN   THE   HEAVENS. 

The  earth  and  heavens  may  be  looked  upon  as  places, 
and  divided  into  various  parts. 


Heavens,  tlie  place  where  the  snn, 

moon,  and  stars  appear,  and  holy 

angels  dwell. 

Can  any  one  measure  the  heav- 
ens? 
East,    that    place    in    the    heavens 

where  the  sun  rises. 
"West,   that    place    in   the   heavens 

where  the  sun  sets. 


North,  the  place  opposite  to  the  svu 

at  noon. 
South,  the  place  opposite  the  north. 
Ground,  the  earth  as  distinct  from  air 

and  Wiiter. 
Earth,  the  place  where  plants,  ani- 
mals, and  man  live. 
Acre,  a  measured  piece  of  earth. 
Field,  ground  not  built  on. 


EVENTT-NINTH     STUDY 

eelative  places. 


Places  are  compared  with  one  another,  and  named.   The 
names  mark  their  relations. 


Here,  the  place  where  we  are. 
There,  a  place  beyond  where  we  are. 
Thither,  the  place  to  which  a  thing 

goes. 
"Where,  at  what  place. 
Whither,  to  what  place. 
Within,  inclosed  in  a  place. 
Without,  outside  of  a  place. 
Hexce,  from  this  place. 
High,  above  in  place. 
Low,  not  high  in  place. 
Inward,  towards  a  place. 
Far,  distant  in  place. 
Farther,  more  distant  in  place. 
Over,  above  in  place. 


Near,  close  by  a  place. 
Below,  under  in  place. 
Beneath,  under  in  place. 
Nigh,  near  in  place. 
Out,  beyond  in  place. 
Outward,  going  beyond  in  place. 
Beyond,  at  the  outside  in  place. 
Up,  ascending  in  place. 
Together,  brought  near  in  place. 
Next,  nearest  in  place. 
Middle,   coming    between    the    ex- 
tremes in  a  place. 
Mid,  at  equal  distance  from  extremes. 
Yonder,  distant  in  place,  but  in  view. 


STUDIES  IIT  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHO.GRAJ^dY.  '''      lOl^^'  I 


ElftHTIETH     STUDY 


LAEGE   DIVISIONS   OF  TIME. 


All  events  liave  their  times  and  seasons,  wliicli  are  to 
be  observed  and  named.  The  Saxons  gave  macli  attention 
to  this  subject. 


Time,  the  measure  of  events. 
Is  time  a  part  of  eternity  ? 
Day  s.  the  time  we  have  sunlight. 

break,  the  dawn  of 

light,  the  light  of 

- — spring,  the  first  gleam  of 

tiine,  the  time  of 

Sux ,  the  day  dedicated  by  the 

Saxons  to  the  Sun — the  Christian 

Sabbath. 

MoN ,  the  day  of 

TuEs ,  the  day  of 

Wednes ,  the  day  of 

Thubs ,  the  day  of  — — 

Fri ,  the  day  of 

Satur ,  the  day  of 

Night,  the  time  the  sun  is  absent. 

iy 


-fall,  the  drop  of  • 


"Week,  the  space  of  seven  days  and 
niglits. 

ly 

Month,  the  space  of  the  moon's  mo- 
tion round  the  earth. 

^y~ 

Year,  the  space  of  time  in  which  the 

earth  moves  round  the  sun. 
Spring,  the  part  of  the  year  when 

plants  bud. 
Summer,  the  manhood  of  the  year. 
Fall,  that  part  of  the  year  when 

leaves  fall. 
Winter,  that  part  of  the  year  when 

cold  prevails — the  old  age  of  the 

year. 
Easter,  the  festival  of  the  Saviour's 

resurrection. 
Lent,  the  space  of  forty  days  before 

Easter. 


EIGHTY-FIRST     STUDY 


SMALLER   DIVISIONS    OF   TIME. 


Morn,  the  first  part  of  day. 
Morning,  the  opening  of  the  day. 
Evening,  the  close  of  the  day. 
Eventide,  the  time  of  evening. 
Noon,  the  part  of  the  day  when  the 
sun  is  overhead. 

day^  the  time  of 

tide,  the  highest  point  of 

After ,  the  time 


Fore ,  the  time 

Night,  the  time  from  sunset  to  sun- 
rise. 

Mid ,  the  middle 

Twilight,  the  mixture  of  day  and 
night. 

Morrow,  the  day  after  to-day. 

Dawn,  the  break  ol  day. 


^  -Iw  '  '    S^bDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


EIOHTY-SEOONDSTUDY, 
BELATED   DIVISIONS  OF  TIME. 

Some  of  the  divisions  of  time  are  known  and  named  as 
they  are  related  to  each  other.  Such  divisions  are  useful, 
and  their  names  are  to  be  studied. 

Now,  the  present  time.  Again,  repeated  in  time. 

Before ,  time  before  the  present.     When,  at  what  time. 

HBRbAFTER,  time  after  now.  Then,,  at  that  time. 

Always,  time  unending.  While,  during  a  certain  tima 

Ever,  time  without  limits.  Yet,  remaining  time. 

N ,  no Still,  time  up  to  the  present, 

Soon,  early,  at  a  certain  time.  New,  recent  in  time. 

Late,  behind  the  set  time.  Old,  of  long  duration. 
Early,  before  the  set  time. 


CHAPTER   X. 

QUALITIES     OP     THINGS. 

To  the  qualities  of  things  we  now  turn.  Every  thing  in 
the  world  has  its  own  qualities.  Snow  is  white  and  cold : 
fire  is  bright  and  warm.  Qualities  form  the  greater  part  of 
our  knowledge.  Some  of  them  we  have  already  noticed : 
others  yet  remain  to  be  seen. 

The  infant  mind  first  acquires  the  names  of  things.  It 
then  goes  back  to  learn  their  qualities.  Its  third  effort  is  to 
learn  the  actions  of  these  things.  This  is  a  law  of  mind  in 
acquiring  language.  First,  it  learns  the  names,  mamma^ 
^apa,  dog.  Second,  the  qualities  of  these  things,  thus :  good 
mamma,  hind  papa,  lad  dog.  Third,  it  turns  back  to  learn 
the  actions  of  these  things:  good  mamma  comes,  kind  papa 
runs,  bad  dog  biles. 

It  is  out  of  regard  to  this  law  of  mind,  that  we  turn  back 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGBAPHY.  103 

here,  to  give  tlie  Saxon  words  denoting  quality^  in  each  of 
the  preceding  studies,  beginning  at  Home, 

BIGHTY-THIED      STUDY. 

QUALITIES   OF  HOME. 

To  gather  up  the  quahties  of  home  is  as  pleasant  as  to 
gather  flowers. 

Sweet,  pleasing.  En ,  to  make         .- 

Is  home  sweet  f  s,  ed,  ing  ■■  _ 


en,  ed,  ing,  ness,  ish,  ishness  — —    Love,  to  delight  ia 

Dear,  precious,  or  of  great  value.  d,  ly 

cr,  est,  ly,  ness Be d,  greatly  — 


BI  O  n  T  T- F  O  TJ  E  T  H      STUDY, 
QUALITIES  OF  A  HOUSE. 

The  building,  in  which  we  live,  exerts  a  great  influence 
upon  our  hearts  and  lives.  It  does  so  bj  its  qualities.  Let 
them  be  pleasing,  then ;  and  man  is  happy. 

Small,  little  in  extent.  Bare,  laid  open  to  -view. 

May  a  small  house  be  neat!  ly,  ness 

er,  est,  ness,  ish Shade,  shelter  from  light :  to  shelter 


Great,  large  in  extent.  from  light 

er,  est,  ness,  ly — y,  iness      ■  ■  ■— 

Old,  a  long  time  made.  High,  raised  far  above  the  earth. 

er,  est,  ness,  ish  — —  -  ■  ■     er,  est,  ness  — — 

New,  lately  made.  Low,  raised  a  little  above  the  earth, 
er,  est,  ness,  ish,  ly er,  est,  ly,  liness 

BianTT-FIFTH      STUDY, 
QUALITIES   OF  OUTHOUSES. 

The  condition  of  our  domestic  animals  depends,  very- 
much,  upon  the  character  of  our  outhouses.  The  habita- 
tion of  animals  should  be  clean,  roomy,  and  well  aired. 


104: 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON"    OETHOGRAPHY. 


KooM^  enough  of  space. 

Is  there  room  enough  in  the  barn  ? 

1/,  iness,  ful,  ily 

Long,  extended  in  length. 

er,  est 

Narro-^,  of  litT,le  width. 

er,  est,  ness,  ly 

Wide,  extended  between  the  sides. 
er,  est,  ness • 


Clean,  free  from  dirt  of  any  kind. 
er,  est,  ly,  liness,  ness . 


Dirt,  any  foul  matter. 

y,  ier,  iest,  i7iess 

Open,  not  closed,  exposed. 

ly,  ness 

Dnv,  free  from  moisture. 

er,  est,  ness,  ly 

Wet,  coiitaininff  moisture. 


GHTT-SIXTn      STUDY. 


QUALITIES    OF   IIOUSEIIOLn-STUFK. 


The  furnitTire  of  a  house  adds  mucli  to  tlie  comfort  of  the 
inmates.  It  forms  the  taste  of  children.  It  does  so  bj  its 
quahties,  which  should,  on  this  account,  receive  some 
attention. 


Nice,  delicate  or  fine. 
Are  the  chairs  nice  ? 

r,  est,  ly,  ness 

Snow,  to  present  to  view  for  show. 

y,  abounding ,  splendid. 

ness,  ily 

Rough,  uneven,  or  not  polished. 
er,  est,  ly,  ness 


Smooth,  even  surface,  polished. 

cr,  est,  ness,  ly 

Even,  level,  uniform. 

ly,  ness 

Heavy,  weighty  or  massy. 

ly,  7iess 

Light,  having  little  weight. 
er,  est,  ness,  ly 


QHTY-SEVENTn      STUDY 


QUALITIES   OF  THE   IIOUSEHOLI). 


A  GOOD  and  happy  family  is  one  of  the  fairest  things  in 
the  world.  Its  beauty,  whatever  it  may  be,  is  that  of  the 
good  qualities  of  each  member. 


Good,  hind  and  comely. 
Is  a  good  father  beloved  ? 

ness,  the  state 

ly,  li7iess  ■ 


Better,  more  kind  than  another. 
Best,  the  most  kind  of  all. 
Fair,  pleasant  to  behold. 
ness,  er,  est 


STUDIES  m  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


105 


Busy,  engaged  in  some  pvirsuit 
Idle,  not  actively  employed. 

y,  ness,  er 

Glad,  pleased  and  joyous. 

ly.,  ness 

some,  somewhat  — 

ness,  ly 


-some,  somewhat 


God,  the  Supreme  Being,  the  Good 
One. 

ly,  liness,  like . 

ZTn ly,  liness 

Hallow,  to  make  holy. 
s,  ed,  ing . 


Glee,  mirth  or  gayety. 

E  IGH T Y  - E  I  G n T  n      STUDY. 

qualities  of  food. 

The  quality,  as  well  as  tlie  quantity  of  our  food,  is  of  the 
greatest  importance.     It  is  closely,  connected  with  health. 


Fresh,  new,  recently  procured. 
Is  fresh  bread  pleasant  ? 

er,  est,  ness 

Whole,  sound,  not  diseased. 

some,  somewhat  ■ 

ly,  ness  • 


Enough,  all  that  is  needed  to  satisfy 

us. 
Tart,  sharp  to  the  taste. 

ness,  ly 

Sour,  sharp  and  astringent, 
ness,  ish,  ly 


EIGHTY-NINTH      STUDY. 


QUALITIES   OF   CLOTHING. 


Clothing  is  a  great  concern  of  life.  It  employs  some 
millions  of  the  race  in  producing  it.  Some  of  its  qualities 
may  be  grouped  together.     It  should  be  light  and  warm. 


"Warm,  that  which  preserves  heat. 

Are  all    kinds    of  clothing   alike 
warm  ? 

ly,  ness,  er,  est 

Soft,  gentle  and  yielding  to  the  touch. 

er,  est,  ish,  ly,  ness 

Cool,  not  retaining  heat. 

er,  est,  ish,  ness,  ly 

Thick,   of  some  extent  from  side  to 

side. 

er,  est,  ish,  ness 

6* 


Thin,  not  thick. 

er,  est,  ish,  7iess,  ly 

Silk,  the  thread  made   oy  the  silk- 
worm. 

en,  made  of 

Wool,  the  soft  hair  of  sheep. 

en,  made  of 

Cheap,  of  low  price  and  value, 

er,  est,  ness,  ly 

Tidy,  neat  in  dress. 
er,  est,  ness,  ly 


106  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

NINETIETH      STUDY. 
QUATJTIES   OF   MAN. 

The  qualities  of  man  are  iiTimerous.  He  takes  to  him- 
self, in  some  way,  the  qualities  of  all  other  beings.  There 
are  many,  however,  which  are  native  to  him.  Some  of  these 
have  been  given. 

"Weak,  feeble  in  strength.  less,  without 

Is  man  a  weak  being  ?  Earnest,  order  in  employment. 

er,  est,  ness,  ly  '-  ly,  ncss 

Sin,  an  evil  nature.  Fickle,  wavering  and  chang-^ftble. 

— -ful,  fully,  fulness,  less ness 

Empty,  vain   and  foolish,  containing    Lukewarm,  a  little  warm, 

nothing.  ly,  ness  « 

ness Lorn,  lost. 

Short,  of  little  height.  For ,  lost  to 

er,  est,  ness Bold,  daring. 

Free,  at  liberty  to  do  as  one  pleases.     er,  est,  ly,  ness  — — 

ly,  ness Evil,  wicked. 

Rest,  repose  from  care  and  toiL 

ninett-first     stttdt, 
qualities  of  the  body  of  man. 

The  body  is  the  habitation  of  the  soul,  and  should  be  kept 
sound  and  healthy. 

Sound,  whole  and  free  from  disease.       Sick,  suif^iring  from  disease. 
Is  a  sound  body  desirable  ?  1^,  ness- 


.ness Hale,  robust,  or  sound. 


Strong,  having  much  active  power.  Spare,  lean,  or  wanting  in  flesh. 

er,  est,  ly ness 

Heal,  to  make  sound.  Bone,   the  hard,  solid  part  of   the 

.<?,  ed,  ing body. 

th,  the  state  of y,  full  of 

-y,  abounding  in  ..  Flesh,   the  soft,   solid  part  of  tlio 


XTn ,  not body. 

Little,  small  in  size.  y,  iness,  less 

•ness  ■ 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGRAPHY.  107 

NINBTT-SEOOND     STUDY. 

QUALITIES    OF    PARTS    OF    THE    BODY  OF  MAN. 

EvEEY  part  of  the  human  body  has  its  uses  and  qualities. 
A  knowledge  of  them  is  desirable.  To  name  these  quali- 
ties is  instructive. 


Ruddy,  a  healthy  flesh  color.  ness 

Is  the  face  ruddy  ?  Stiff,  not  easily  bent,  stubborn. 

Wan,  pale  or  sickly  in  appearance.  -ness,  ly  • 

Giddy,  a  whirling  feeling  in  the  head.  Broad,  extended  in  width. 

ness er^  est,  ly,  ness     ", 

Stern,  severe  and  rigid.  Film,  a  thin  skin. 

er,  est,  ly,  ness y,  partaking  of  — — 

Hollow,  sunken  or  depressed. 

NINETY-THIED      8  T  TJ  D  T  • 
QUALITIES   OF   THE   SOUL. 

The  soul  is  a  priceless  thing.  It  is  the  object  of  much 
regard,  and  should  be  carefully  studied.  It  is  known  in  its 
qualities.  The  most  of  these  have  already  been  brought  to 
view. 

Dark,  obscure  and  gloomy.  Wicked,  evil  in  heart  and  life. 

Is  a  dark  soul  attractive  f  ly,  ness 

ly,  ness Right,   according  to  goodness    and 

Light,  to  make  light,  or  visible.  truth. 

s,  ed,  ing eous,  full  of    '    ■  - 


-en,  to  make  ■  Un ,  not 

-s,  ed,  ing ly,  ness  ■ 


En ed,  inwardly  made Death,  the  result  of  the  body  and  soul 

Self,  one's  own  person,  or  interest.  being  separated. 


•ish,  somewhat less,  without 


•ly,  ness ly,  like,  ful,  fulness 

Mean,  base,  or  of  little  value.  Leave,  to  permit,  or  allow. 

er,  est,  ly,  ness s,  ing 

Stubborn,  stiff-minded,  or  obstinate.  Believe,  to  give  credit  to  any  thing: 

— — ly,  ness  -r ?  -..i — ed,  ing,  ingly 


108  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OKTHOGKAPHY. 

NINETY-FOUKTH        STUDY. 
^  QUALITIES   OF  THE   HUNTER  AND   HUNTING. 

Hunting  is  often  a  dangerous  employment.  It  requires 
skill  and  courage  to  pursue  it  successfiillj,  for  profit  or 
pleasure. 

"Wild,  roving,  savage.  s,  ed,  ing 

Is  hunting  a  wild  pursuit  I  hj,  liness 

ly,  ness,  er,  est A ,  in 

Dare,  to  face  danger.  Ready,  quick  and  prepared. 

s,  ed,  ing,  bigness        ■■  

Live,  to  be  animated. 


iness 


NINETT-FIFTH       PTUDY, 
QUALITIES    OF   THE    FISHER   AND    FISIUNG. 

Fishing  is  connected  with  rivers,  lakes,  and  seas.     It  i3 
full  of  idleness  and  adventure. 

Hard,  firm  or  strong.                                Watch,  attention,  observation. 
Js  a  fisher's  life  hard  ?  -fid,  fulness,  fully 


-y,  abounding  in  — —  Steady,  firm  and  constant  in  mind. 

Care,  trouble,  caution.  ily,  iness 

ful,  fully,  fidness,  less  Fear,  the  dread  of  some  danger. 

Lust,  vigor,  active  power.  less,  without 

y,  abounding  

NINETY-SIXTH       STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF   THE   FARMER   AND   FARMING. 

There  is  no  employment  that  seems  to  be  so  full  of  sim- 
ple life  as  that  of  farming.  Its  toils  and  burdens  are  con- 
nected with  fields,  groves,  and  sunsets. 

Blithe,  gay  and  joyous.  s,  ed,  ing 

Is  the  farmer  blithe  ?  • so7ne,  someness 

some,  fill,  fully,  fulness  — —  Toil,  to  labor  with  fatigue. 

Tire,  to  weary.  s,  ed,  ing 


STUDIES  m  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGRAPHY. 


109 


. some,  somenesa 

Peace,  freedom  from  disturbance. 

-ful,  fully,  fulness 

Fallow,  not  tilled. 
Time,  a  season  of  any  thing,  or  mea- 
sure of  an  event 

ly,  liness 

Early,  first  in  time. 


-7iess,  er,  est 


Late,  after  the  time. 

ly,  ness,  er,  est 

Sultry,  hot  and  close. 


Cold,  wanting  in  heat. 

ly,  ness,  ish,  er,  est 

Rain,  to  fall  in  drops  of  water  from 
the  air. 

s,  ed,  ing,  y,  in  ess  — ^ 

Dry,  without  moisture. 

ness,  er,  est 

Clay,  soft  and  oily  earth. 

ey,  ish 

Loam,  a  kind  of  colored  earth. 

Stone,  a  hard  mass  of  earth. 
y,  iness 


NINET Y- SE V E N T n      STUDY. 
qualities  of  war. 

War  is  a  cruel  thing,  but  those  who  follow  it,  as  a  calling 
in  life,  are  often  noble.     It  will  cease.     . 


Blood,  the  vital  fluid,  also  slaughter. 

Is  blood  the  seat  of  bodily  life  ? 
y,  itcess,  less ■ 


Dead,  deprived  of  life. 

Jy,  liness,  ness 

Dread,  terror  or  awe. 

ful,  fully,  fulness,  les 

Rue,  to  lament  or  grieve. 

s,  d,  ing 

ful,  fully,  fidriess 


-pi,  woe  or  tender  pity. 
-ful,  fully,  less,  lessness- 


Gore,  thick  blood. 

y,  abounding  in 

Foul,  filthy,  wicked. 

ly,  ness 

Fright,  violent  fear,  or  terror. 

ful,  fuUy,  fulness 

Rife,  abounding,  prevailing. 
ly,  ness 


NINETY-EIGHTn      STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF   MECHANICS   AND   THEIR   CALLINGS. 

Mechanics  compose  a  useful  class  of  men.  Their  ma- 
chines and  wares  are  connected  with  the  growth  of  the  nation. 
Their  callings  require  some  bodily  and  mental  qualities. 

Skill,  ready  knowledge.  Does  the  mechanic  need  skill  ? 


110 


STUDIES   IN  ANGL0-SAX0:N'  ORTHOGRAPHr. 


t/''*^*  f^^^Vi  y«^?"«6ss 


Craft,  art,  or  practical  skill. 

w,  inem,  ily 

Need,  the  want  of  any  thing. 


-y«/,  fully,  fulness 

Cunning,  skilful,  crafty. 

workman,  a  workman -• 

Wise,  skilled  in  practical  knowledge. 


NINETY-NINTH      STUDY. 

QUALITIES   OF  THE  MANUFACTURER  AND   MANUFACTURINa. 

The  manufactaring  department  of  life  is  full  of  enterprise 
and  skill.  Striking  qualities  meet  us  at  every  step,  many 
of  wHch  have  already  been  pointed  out. 


Many,  numerous. 

Are  there  many  manufacturers  ? 
Some,  a  certain  quantity. 
Raw,  not  altered,  in  its  natural  state. 
Mix,  to  blend  or  join  in  some  way. 

es,  ed,  ing 

Rude,  rough  in  finish. 

Home,  made  in  one's  native  country. 

Any,  one  or  more. 

All,  the  whole  number. 


moat,  the  greatest  part  • 

Such,  of  the  like  kind. 
Both,  two  taken  together. 
Other,  not  the  same. 
Golden,  made  of  gold. 
Silver,  made  cf  silver. 
Silken,  made  of  silk. 
Woolen,  made  of  wool. 
Wooden,  made  of  wood. 
Iron,  made  of  iron. 


ONE      nUNDEEDTn      STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF  THE   TRADER  AND   TRADING. 

Trading  is  now  extensive,  ranging  from  the  pedlar  to  tlie 
wholesale  merchant.  It  is  a  form  of  life  in  which  there  is 
much  tact,  and  many  fine  business  qualities  needed,  in  order 
to  succeed. 


Sell,  to  transfer  any  thing  for  money. 

Does  the  merchant  sell  goods  ? 

s,  ing,  er 

Sale,  the  transfer  of  goods  for  money. 
Whole ,  the  transfer  of  goods  in 

quantity. 
Buy,  to  obtain  by  purchase. 
Cheap,  bearing  a  low  price. 


cr,  est,  ness,  ly 

Fresh,  recently  made  or  obtained. 

er,  est,  nesa,  ly 

Old,  of  long  duration. 

Weiqii,   to  find  out  the  quantity  by 

scales. 
Weight,  the  quantity  of  a  thing. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


Ill 


ONE      nUNDEED      AND      FIRST      STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF  THE   SAlLOPw   AND   A   SEAFAraNG    LIFE. 

Those  who  do  business  on  great  waters  are  a  noble  and 
generous  class  of  men.  Much  of  the  wealth  and  comfort  of 
the  nation  depend  upon  their  daring  and  skill. 


Merry,  gaj  and  noisy. 
Are  sailors  merry  ? 
cr,  est,  ness,  ly  ■— 


A ,  on  or  before 

Foam,  the  froth  of  water. 

,-,  to  gather  foam. 

s,  ed,  hig,  y,  less  — — 

Path,    the   way   in  Avhich  a  body 

moves. 

less,  without 

Storm,  a  violent  action  of  air  and 

rain. 


Drive,  to  urge  forAvard  by  force. 

s,  wg 

Drift,  any  thing  driven. 

A ,  afloat,  or  driven  along. 

Float,  to  be  borne  along  on  water. 

s,  cd,  ing 

A ■;  borne  along 

Head,  the  upper  or  foremost  part. 

ONE     nUNDEED     AND     SECOND      STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF  THE   LEARNED  PROFESSIONS. 

Society  is  more  indebted  to  the  learning  and  life  of  the 
teacher,  lawyer,  doctor,  and  minister,  than  to  every  thing 
else  on  earth. 


Learn,  to  obtain  knowledge. 
Must  the  minister  learn  much  ? 

s,  cd,  ing,  er 

High,  raised  or  elevated. 

Each,  the  whole  taken  separately. 

Either,  one  of  two. 

N ,  not  one 

Word,  sounds  or  letters  used  as  a  sign 


of  a  thing. 
less,  y  - 


Thought,  the  product  of  thinking. 
fuf,  less,  fulness,  lessly 


Mood,  style  in  music. 

y,  iness 

Care,  concern,  interest  in  any  thing. 
-ful,  abounding  in  — — - 


ONE     HUNDRED     AND     THIKD      STUDY, 
QUALITIES   OF   OFFICERS   AND   OFFICES. 

Society  needs  men  to  attend  to  public  business.   Officers 


112 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OKTHOGRAPHY. 


are  necessary.  Much  depends  upon  tlieir  wisdom  and  jus- 
tice. Good  qualities  in  our  officers  are  tlie  pledge  of  pros- 
perity. 


First,  before  all  others. 

Does  the   President  fill  the  first 

office? 
Main,  chief,  or  principal. 
PitiiiE,  highest  in  rank. 
Low,  below  otliers  in  station. 

er,  est 

7nost^  the  very  lowest 

Tire,  to  weary. 
s,  ed,  ing 

some,  somewhat 


Money,  the  currency  of  a  country. 

ed,  having 

Mn.D,  gentle. 

ly,  ness,  er,  est 

Stern,  severe  and  stiff. 

er,  est,  ly,  ness  - 
Trust,  to  confide  in. 
s,  ed,  irig 


-y,  less,  incHS,  ful  — 
■worthy,  worthy  of 


ONE     HUNDRED      AND     FOUETH      STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF  TEE  WORKS   OF  MAN. 

The  works  of  man  are  tested  by  their  qualities.  'These 
are  numerous,  and  of  every  degree  of  excellence.  Atten- 
tion to  tlieir  names  is  a  useful  exercise  in  education. 


Like,  resembling. 

Are  the  works  of  man  like  God's  ? 

Un ,  not 

Tell,  to  speak,  to  count. 

Told,  did 

Un ,  not  reckoned. 

Little,  small  in  size. 
Less,  smaller 


Least,  smallest 

Keen,  sharp  in  cutting. 

er,  est,  ly,  ness 

SuAUP,  having  a  thin  edge  or  point. 

er,  est,  ness,  ly 

Level,  flat,   agreeing  with  the   line 

where  the  earth  and  sky  seem  to 

meet. 
Plough,  uneven,  not  perfect. 


ONE     nUNDEED     AND     FIFTH     STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF   TEE   WORKS   OF   GOD. 

"Who  can  point  out  the  perfection  of  the  Divine  works  ? 
They  are  all  goodly.  Their  qualities  are  perfect  in  degree. 
In  wisdom,  has  He  made  them  all. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXOK  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


113 


Great,  large  in  size  or  number. 
Are  the  works  of  God  great  ? 

■ er,  est,  ly,  ness 

End,  the  last  or  close  of  any  thing. 

less,  without 

Good,  of  line  quality. 


WoNDEu,  strange,  great  or  novel. 

-ful,  fulness,  fully 

Fast,  firm  and  fixed. 

Bleak,  open  and  exposed  to  the  wind, 

er,  est,  ness- 


ONE     HUNDRED     AND     SIXTH     STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF   MINERAL   BODIES. 

Earths  and  metals  have  many  nseful  qualities.  To  tliese 
we  owe  the  existence  of  plants,  in  a  good  degree,  and  the 
Avorks  of  man. 


Hard,  firm  to  the  touch. 
Are  all  metals  hard  ? 

er,  est,  iiess 

Gas,  a  body  of  a  light  elastic  nature. 

y,  full  of 

Weight,  quantity  of  a  body. 

y,  full  of ,  or  heavy. 

er,  est,  iness,  ily         ■ 

Acid,  sharp  to  the  taste. 


Bright,  shiny. 

-er,  est,  ness,  ly 

Dull,  not  clear,  but  clouded. 

er,  est,  ness  — — 

Flint,   a    yellow,   or   grayish    black 
stone,  which  is  very  hard. 

y 

Chalk,  an  earth  of  a  dull  white  color. 
y,  iness 


ONE     HUNDRED     AND     SEVENTH     STUDY. 
QUALITIES    OF   VEGETABLE    BODIES. 

Plants  have  always  attracted  the  attention  and  love  of 
man.  A  thousand  simple  charms  hang  about  our  trees  and 
flowers. 

Wood,  the  firm  part  of  a  tree,  many    Tougii,  flexible,  or  bending  readily. 


trees. 

Is  the  wood  hard  ? 
y,  abounding  in 


-er,  est,  ness,  ly 


Leaf,  the  airy  organ  of  a  plant. 

y,  iness,  less 

Pretty,  neat  and  pleasing. 
Thick,  crowded  together. 
ly,  ness 


Mellow,  soft  with  ripeness. 

er,  est,  ness 

Ripe,  mature  in  growth. 

er,  est,  ness 

Whole,  entire,  sound. 
some,  somewhat 


114  STUDIES    IN  ANGLO-SAXOIT    ORTHOGRAPHY. 


fv 


ONE     HTJNDEED     AND     EIGHTH     STUDY 
QUALITIES   OF  ANIMALS. 


Animals,  tame  or  wild,  have  mucli  to  attract  our  notice. 
Their  qualities  appear  in  every  form  and  variety.  Some  of 
tliem  are  recorded  by  the  Saxons. 

Tame,  aeeustomed  to  man. ly,  liness,  er,  est 

Is  the  ox  tame  ?  .  Uh li/,  liness 

er,  est,  ness,  less Grisly,  frightful. 

Greedy,  having  a  strong  desire  for    Shaggy,  rough  with  long  hair  or  wool, 

food.  Swift,  rapid  in  motion. 

er,  est,  ly,  ness er,  est,  ly,  ness 

Grim,  fierce,  savage.  Slow,  tardy  or  lazy  in  motion. 

Clean,  free  from  what  is  foul.  er,  est,  ly,  ness 

Un ,  not  free 

ONE    HUNDRED    AND    NINTH    STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF   LIGHT. 

The  colors  of  light  are  a  charm  to  the  eye. 

Red,  a  bright  warm  color.  Blue,  a  rich  warm  color. 

Is  red  a  color  ?  Buown,  a  sober  cool  color. 

Yellow,  a  bright  and  brilliant  color.  Gray,  white  with  a  mixture  of  black. 

Greex,  a  soft  and  cool  color,  composed  "White,  the  color  of  snow. 

of  yellow  and  blue.  Black,  the  color  of  night. 

ONE     HUNDRED     AND     TENTH     STUDY. 
QUALITIES   OF   GOD. 

As  the  streams  of  the  earth  are  fed  by  the  clouds  of 
heaven,  so  all  the  qualities  of  created  things  were  originally 
derived  from  God.  His  qualities  are  the  source  of  all  that 
is  good  and  true. 

Ever,  at  all  times.  es,  ing 


lasting,  continuing  without  end. ed,  pronounced  happy. 

Bless,  to  make  happy.  Mighty,  strong. 


STUDIES    IN  ANGLO-SAXON    ORTHOGRAPHY.  115 

Al ^  having   all   strength,   or  Last,  the  end  of  all  things. 

power.  True,  the  real. 

Wise,  the  proper  use  of  knowledge.  Ever,  existing  without  end. 

All ,  the  right  use  of  all  know-  Lasting,  enduring. 

ledge.  Everlasting,  continuing  without  end. 
First,  the  beginning  of  all  things. 


The  noun  and  verb,  in  tlie  Studies  on  Qualities,  have 
sometimes  been  given.  The  object  of  this  is,  to  keep  before 
the  mind  of  the  child,  the  derivation  of  one  part  of  speech 
from  another  ;  and  also  to  lead  him  to  distinguish  between 
nouns,  verbs,  and  adjectives.  This  has  been  found  to  be 
desirable  to  secure  correctness,  in  the  practical  defining  and 
use  of  words.  A  similar  course  is  observed  in  the  Studies 
on  Actions. 

CHAPTER    XI. 


"We  have  now  arrived  at  the  third  stage  of  the  mind,  in 
the  formation  of  language.  The  first  is  things  and  their 
names  ;  the  second  is  qualities  and  their  names  ;  the  third  is 
ACTIONS  and  the  words  by  which  they  are  expressed. 

These  stages  are  ever  in  this  order.  Certain  laws  of  the 
mind  guide  every  child  to  take  these  steps ;  and,  having 
taken  them,  he  has  the  materials  of  language.  He  can  de- 
clare, question  and  express  his  feelings,  about  all  things, 
with  which  he  is  acquainted. 

The  various  things  which  we  have  noticed  are  agents, 
and  have  their  work  to  perform  in  the  world.  Their  ac- 
tions, to  some  extent,  were  noticed  by  our  Saxon  fore- 
fathers. Many  of  the  words  expressing  them  are  still  pre- 
serv.ed,  and  form  part  of  our  language. 


116 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY, 


ONE     IIUNDKED     AND     ELEVENTH     STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF   MAN. 

Man  is  ever  active.     Even  ifi  sleep,  his  busy  mind  is  in 
motion,  pursuing  some  image  or  fancy  in  life. 


Live,  to  have  and  use  life. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Out ,  to  live 

Grovv--,  to  enlarge  in  size. 
s,  ing 


-er,  the  tliini 


Grew,  did 

Die,  to  cease  from  life. 

.«?,  ed,  ing 

Have,  to  possess  or  hold, 

ing 

Had,  did 

Do,  to  perform  any  work. 

— eSy  ing,  er 

Uii — ,  to  change  and  reverse. 

Did,  having  done 

Blush,  to  redden  on  the  cheeks. 
«,  ed,  ing 


"Wept,  did 

Sneak,  to  steal  away  secretly. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Know,    to   have   the    knowledge  of 

things. 

' s,  ing,  er,  n 

Knew,  did 

Think,  to  use  the  mind  in  getting 

knowledge. 

.5,  ing,  er 

Thought,  did 

Feel,  to  have  pain  or  pleasure  by  the 


s,  tng,  er 

Felt,  did 

Believe,  to  trust  in  a  person,  or  tes- 
timony. 
s,  ed,  ing,  er 


Laugh,  to  make  the  noise  of  mirtli.        Wokship,  to  adore  God,  or  pay  th« 

s,  ed,  ing,  er highest  honor  to  Him. 

Sigh,  to  breathe  with  sorrow.  s,  ed,  ing,  er » 


s,  ed,  ing 

Weep,  to  shed  tears. 
s,  ing,  er 


Hallow,  to  regard  or  make  holy, 
— — — s,  edf  ing 


ONE      HUNDEED     AND      TWELFTH      STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF   THE   BODY   OF   MAN. 

The  body  declares  its  nature  in  various  kinds  of  actions. 


Walk,  to  move  on  the  feet. 

s,  ed,  ing,  er 

Sit,  to  rest  on  a  seat. 
—-5,  hig,  er  — 


Leap,  to  bound  suddenly. 

—s,  ed,  ing,  er 

Run,  to  move  quickly  with  the  feet. 
s,  ing,  er 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGIIAPHY. 


117 


Rax,  did ■ 

Staxd,  to  be  upon  the  feet 

Spit,  to  cast  out  from  the  mouth. 

5,  ing 

Spat,  did 

Swoon,  to  sink  into  a  fainting  state. 

Stood,  did 

Lie,  to  rest  outstretched. 

S,  i7lff  

Stagger,  to  totter  on  the  feet. 

Lain,  did 

Slumbkb,  to  take  light  sleep. 

Slip,  to  slide  on  the  feet. 

«,  ed,  ing 

Slide,  to  move  along  the  surface  by 

skips. 
Stride,  to  walk  with  long  steps. 

Sleep,   to    rest    with    the  will   sus- 
pended. 
s,  inff,  er,  less,  y,  iness 

Snore,  to  breathe  with  a  hoarse  voice 
in  sleep. 

Glide,  to  move  lightly  along  the  sur- 
face. 

s,  ed,  ing,  er,  ingly 

Yawn,    to    have   the    mouth    open 
through  drowsiness. 

Rise,  to  get  up. 

s,  tng 

A ,  to  get  straight ■ 

Sneeze,  to  emit  air  audibly  through 
the  nose. 

Gape,  to  open  the  mouth  wide. 

Swim,  to  move  through  water  by  the 
hands  and  feet. 

Swam,  did 

Grope,  to  feel  with  the  hands. 

Spring,  to  bound  lightly  along. 

s,  ing  ■■ 

Sprang,  did 

Spurn,  to  cast  away  in  anger. 

Creep,  to  move  on  hands  and  feet. 

Bow,  to  bend  the  head. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Belch,  to  cast  wind  out  of  the  sto* 

mach. 
s,  ed,  ing 

Crept,  did 

Crawl,  to  move  by  drawing  out  the 
body. 

ONE    nUNDKED      AND      TniRTEENTH      STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF  THE   SENSES. 

The  senses  are  like  wakeful  sectinels  and  servants  of  tlie 
soul.    They  are  ever  on  duty  during  the  day. 


118            STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGEAPHY. 
Look,  to  turn  the  eye  towards  an  ob- s,  ed,  ing 


jeet.  List,  to  incline  the  ear  in  desire. 

Does  the  eye  look  at  all  things  ?  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing en,  to  attend  closely  to  hear. 

Blink,  to  twinkle  witli  the  eyes.  s,  ed,  ing 


-s,  ed,  ing Smell,  to   perceive  or  know  by  the 


Staee,  to  look  with  fixed  eye.  nose. 

s,  ed,  ing,  er s,  ed,  ing 

Hark,  to  lend  the  ear.  Feel,  to  perceive  by  the  touch. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ing,  er 

Hearken,  to  listen  to  what  is  said. 

ONE     HUNDEED     AND     FOTTRTEENTH     STUDT. 
ACTIONS   OF   THE   SOUL   OF  MAN. 

The  soul  is  fall  of  action,  and  shows  it  in  various  ways. 

Glab,  to  cheer  with  pleasure. s,  ed,  ing 


Does  God  glad  the  heart  of  man  ?      Liguten,  to  make  light. 

s,  ing,  er,  en -E'/i ,  to  cause  to  make 

Mourn,  to  grieve  for  lost  good.  s,  ed,  ing,  er 


•s,  ed,  ing,  ful,  fully,  er Deem,  to  think  or  judge. 


Wish,  to  long  for  some  good.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing,  er,  ful,  fully Keckon,  to  count  or  number. 

Like,  to  be  pleased  with.  ■ s,  ed,  ing, 


er 


s,  ed,  ing Heed,  to  mind  or  record  with  care. 

Chide,  to  blame.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing Prove,  to  try  so  as  to  find  the  truth. 


Upbraid,  to  reproach.  — — s,  ed,  ing 


ONE     HUNDEED     AND     FIFTEENTH     STUDY, 
ACTIONS   IN   THE   HOUSEHOLD. 

The  houseliold  is  tlie  scene  of  the  fairest  actions  of  the 
heart.     It  is  the  nursery  of  all  actions. 


Cook,  to  prepare  food.  s,  ing  ••• 

Is  it  easy  to  cook  food  ?  Cleanse,  did 

5,  ed,  ing Sweep,  to  clean  by  brushing. 

Clean,   to  separate  from  any  thing    s,  ing 

foul.  Swept,  did 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  119 

Wash,  to  clean  by  rubbing  in  water.  Cuoke,  to  stop  the  windpipe  in  any 

es,  ed,  incf,  er way. 

"Wipe,  to  rub  for  the  purpose  of  clean-    s,  ed,  ing 

ing.  Sup,  to  take  into  the  mouth  with  the 

s,  ed,  ing lips. 

Sift,  to  separate  by  a  sieve.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing Sip,  to  take  a  fluid  in  small  quanti- 

Knead,  to  work  flour  and  leaven  into  ties. 

dough.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing Ask,  to  seek  by  speech. 

Bake,  to  cook  and  prepare  food  in  an    «>  ^<^>  ««^ 

oven.  Answer,  to  speak  in  return, 

s,  ed,  ing,  er s,  ed,  ing 

Dine,  to  eat  the  chief  meal  of  the  Bear,  to  support,  to  support  without 

day.  passion. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ing 

Carve,  to  cut  in  small  pieces.  For , 

s,  ed,  ing Kiss,  to  salute  with  the  lips. 

Cram,  to  press  or  stuff  in  any  thing.     s,  ed,  ing 

8,  ed,  ing Greet,  to  address  kindly. 

s,  ed,  ing  • 

ONE     HUNDEED     AND     SIXTEENTH     STUDY. 
ACTIONS  OF  THE  HOUSEKEEPER. 

The  housekeeper  is  silently  performing  her  part  in  the 
world.  Her  actions  promote  or  retard  the  good  of  the 
whole  household. 

Foster,  to  feed  or  bring  up.  s,  ed,  ing 


s,  ed,  ing Tie,  to  bind  with  a  cord  or  band. 


Warm,  to  supply  heat.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing  — — ^  Singe,  to  burn  slightly. 

Feed,  to  give  food.  s,  ed,  ing 


s,  mg         •  Soak,  to  steep  in  a  liquid. 

Fed,  did  s,  ed,  ing 

Sew,  to  unite  with  needle  and  thread.  Rear,  to  raise  or  bring  up, 

8,  ed,  ing .?,  ed,  ing 

Hem,  to  fold  and  sew  down  the  edge.  Meet,  to  come  together. 

Swaddle,  to  bind  with  bandage.  Met,  did 


120  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

ONE      HUNDRED     AND     SEVENTEENTH     STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF  THE   HOUSEHOLDER. 

The  care  of  a  honseliold  is  known  only  to  liouseliolders. 
Who  could  name  the  acts  of  one  day  of  their  lives  ? 

Open,  to  unbar  or  remove  any  fasten-    s,  ing,  er 

ing.  Led,  did 

Does  the    householder  open  the    Rule,  to  order  or  control. 

house  ?  s,  ed,  ing,  er 

s,  ed,  ing Bid,  to  command  or  direct. 

Shut,  to  close  or  bar.  s,  ing 

s^  ing For ,  to  command  before. 

Give,  to  bestow  or  transfer  any  thing.     Bade,  did 

s,  ing,  er Bide,  to  dwell  or  continue.  . 

Given,  bestowed.  A ,  to  dwell  in 

Gave,  did s,  ing 

"Work,  to  perform  labor.  Abode,  did 

s,  ed,  ing •  Bequeath,  to  leave  any  thing  by  will 


Lead,  to  guide  or  conduct.  s,  ed,  ing 


ONE     HUNDEED     AND     EIGHTEENTH     STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF   THE   HUNTER. 

The  chase  is  attended  with  toil  as  well  as  pleasure.   Acts 
of  daring  make  up  much  of  the  hunter's  life. 

Hunt,  to  chase  wild  animals.  Rode,  did 

Do  many  men  hunt  animals  ?  Out ,  did 


s,  ed,  ing,  er Bet,  to  stake  a  wager. 

Trap,  to  catch  by  a  snare.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing,  er "Weary,  to  exhaust  strength,  to  tire. 

Run,  to  pass  rapidly  on  foot.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ing,  er Slay,  to  put  to  death  by  violence. 

Ran,  did s,  ing,  er 

Ride,  to  go  on  horseback.  Slew,  did 

s,  ing,  er Skin,  to  take  off  the  skin. 

Out ,  to  ride  farther,  or  beyond.       s,  ed.  ing 

s,  ing,  er —  Throw,  to  fling  or  cast  in  any  way. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  121 

-5,  ing  .  ■  5,  ed,  ing 


Threw,  did  — —  Flay,  to  strip  off  the  skin. 

Ford,  to  cross  a  river  by  -walking  on  s,  ed,  ing 

the  bottom. 

ONE     HIJNDEED     AND  NINETEENTH     STUDY. 

ACTIONS   OF  THE   FISEER. 

The  days  and  nights  of  the  fisher  are  marked  with 

change.     Perils  and  escapes  make  up  much  of  his  history 
on  the  deep. 

Fish,  to  try  to  take  iisk  Wreck,  to  ruin,  or  throw  aiway. 

Is  it  pleasant  to  fish  ?  «,  ed,  ing 

es,  ed,  ing,  er Swamp,  to  plunge  or  upset  in  water. 

Hook,  to  seize  with  a  hook.  s,  ed,  ing 

«,  ed,  ing Pull,  to  drag  or  haul. 

Spear,  to  pierce  with  a  spear.  s,  ed,  ing 

«,  ed,  ing  •  Weather,    to    bear   up    through   a 


Drag,  to  pull  or  hauL  storm. 

«,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 

Sail,  to  pass  through  water  in  a  ves-  Steer,  to  direct,  as  a  vesseL 

sel.  5,  ed,  ing 

8,  ed,  ing Row,  to  drive  with  oars. 

Swim,  to  pass  through  water  by  using  s,  ed,  ing 

the  limbs.  Toil,  to  labor,  to  become  weary. 

s,  ing,  er ^  ed,  ing 

Swam,  did 

ONE     HUNDRED     AND  TWENTIETH     STUDY. 

ACTIONS   OF  THE   FARMER. 

Almost  every  act  of  the  farmer's  life  is  connected  witii 
something  agreeable. 

Farm,  to  lease  or  till  land.  Seed,  to  sow,  or  plant  with  seed. 

Is  it  healthy  to  farm  f  Weed,  to  free  from  weeds. 


ing,  er s,  ed,  ing 


Till,  to  cultivate  land.                           Harvest,  to  gather  grain  or  fruits, 
■  ■    <,  ed,  ing ■    g,  ed,  ing  -^ 


122  STUDIES  IK  ANGLO-SAXON    ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Summer,  to  pass,  or  cany  through  Fan,   to  Avinnow,  or  separate  chaff 

summer.  from  grain. 

s,  edy  ing  <  s,  ed,  ii>g 

Winter,  to  pass,  or  carry  through  Hire,  to  engage  in  service  for  a  r^- 

winter.  ward. 

s,  edy  ing 5,  ed,  ing,  ling 

Mow,  to  lay  grain  or  hay  in  a  mass  Gather,  to  get  in  the  harvest 

in  the  barn,  .«,  ed,  ing 

.. s,  ed,  ing Hinder,  to  keep  back,  or  obstruct* 

Mow,  to  cut  down  grass  or  grain.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing,  er 

ONE    mJNDEED    AND    TWENTT-FIE8T    STUDY. 
AC3TION3  OF  MECHANICS. 

Building  has  a  cliarm  for  the  mind,  and  pleases  ns  with 
acts  of  skill.  The  sound  of  busy  instruments  awakens  use- 
ful feelings  in  the  heart. 

Frame;   to    form    the  outline  of  a    Melt,  to  make  liquid.  '*it 

building.  s,  edging ™ 

Did   the   housewright  frame  the    Turn,  to  form  on  a  lathe. 


barn? 

s,  ed,  ing,  er 

_  ,j  ,. 

Beat,  to  strike  repeatedly. 

Bore,  to  make  holes  with 

an  auger 

s,  mg  —— 

or  gimlet 

Neal,  to  temper  by  heat 

s,  ed,  ing,  er 

s,  ed,  ing 

Fast,  firm,  set 

An ,  to  heat  and  cool  slowly. 

Saw,  to  cut  with  a  saw. 

Naii^  to  fasten  with  nails. 

s,  ed,  ing 

s,ed,ing,er 

Dovetail,  to  join  in  a  tenon  like  a 

"Wield,  to  sway  with  the  hand. 
s,  ed,  ing 

pigeon's  tail. 

Hammer,  to  strike  with  the  hammer.  Heav,  to  cut  with  any  instrument 

«,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing,  er 

Drili^  to  bore  a  hole.  Carve,  to  cut  wood  or  stone  into 

5,  ed,  ing some  form. 

BcjiLD,  to  frame  and  raise  a  building.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing,  er 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OBS^HOGRAPHY,  123 

ONE     HUNDRED     AND     T W ENT Y -  8 E 0 OND     STUDY. 
ACTIOXS   OF  MANUFACTURERS. 

The  steps  by  wliicli  raw  materials  are  clianged  into  tlie 
goods  and  wares  of  trade,  must  always  liave  an  interest  for 
the  mind. 

Shape,  to  form  for  some  end.  color. 

Does  the  pin-maker  shape  his  pin  ?     s,  ed,  ing,  er 


Twist,  to  wind  one  thread  ix)und  an-  Comb,  to  separate  and  arrange  "with  a 
other.  comb. 

5,  ed,  hig,  er ■%  ed,  ing,  er 

Twine,  to  twist  threads.  Un ed,  not 

a,  ed,  ing Grind,  to  make  smooth  or  sharpen. 

Full,  to  tliicken  cloth  in  a  mill.  s,  ed,  ivg 


.s,  ed,  ing,  er Glazk,  to  crust  with  a  glossy  coat. 

Bleach,  to  whiten  by  removing  the    s,  ed,  ing  

ONE     HUNDRED     AND     TWENTY-THIED     STUDY. 
ACTIONS    OF   TRADERS. 

The  acts  of  buying  and  selling  are  more  closely  related 
to  the  welfare  of  man  than  all  are  ready  to  perceive.  Ac- 
tive and  wise  merchants  do  much  for  the  nation. 

Uave,  to  hold  or  possess.  s,  ed,  ing 

lias  the  trader  much  goods  ?               Chop,  to  buy  or  barter. 
-s,  ing «,  ed,  ing  • 


Had,  did Mete,  to  measure. 

Wend,  to  pass  or  travel  from  place  to .•?,  ed,  ing 

place.  Ship,  to  put  on  board  a  ship. 

s,  ed,  ing  ■-  s,  ed,  ing,  er 

Dun,  to  urge  payment.  Un ,  to  take  off 

s,  ed,  ing -^    "°-  Weigh,  to  find  the  quantity  of  a  thing 

Lie,  to  deceive,  or  tell  an  untruth.  by  weighing  it. 

J3e ,  to  give  the  lie. 


124:  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OKTHOGKAPIIY. 

ONE     mJNDRED     AND     T  W  E  N  T  T  -  F  O  UBT  II     STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF   WAR. 

The  deeds  of  the  soldier  occupy  a  large  place  in  tlie  liis- 
tory  of  man. 

Wrest,  to  gain  by  force.  Reck,  to  care  or  mind. 

Does  the  hero  wrest  the  goods  of  s,  ed,  ing 

the  enemy  ?  Reek,  to  emit  steam  or  Taj)or, 

s,  ed,  hig s,  ed,  ing 

Ward,  to  guard  or  fend  oil.  Quail,  to  crush  or  subdue. 

s.  ed,  ing 5,  ed,  ing 

Weaken,  to  make  weak.  Waver,  to  totter,  or  change  in  cour- 

s,  ed,  ing  •  age. 

Hurt,  to  injure  in  any  way.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing Murder,  to  kill  a  human  being. 

Spare,  to  forbear  to  punish  or  destroy.  s,  cd,  ing 

8,  ed,  ing Slaughter,  to  make  great  havoc  of  life. 


Quell,  to  subdue  or  overcome. s,  ed,  ing  • 


s,  ed,  ing Welter,  to  roll  in  foul  matter  or 

Rush,  to  move  with  violence.  blood. 

8,  ed,  ing s,  cd,  ing 


ONE     nUNDEED     AND     TWENTY-FIFTH     STUDY. 
ACTIONS  OF  THE  LAWYER. 

As  society  now  exists,  the  lawyer  is  needed  to  explain 
our  laws. 

ONE     nUNDEED     AND     TWENTY -SIXTH     STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF  THE  DOCTOR. 

The  diseases  of  mankind  require  skill  to  lieal  tliem.    The 
doctor,  in  a  diseased  world,  becomes  an  important  person. 

Heal,  to  cure  a  wound  or  disease.  s,  ing 


Does  the  doctor  heal  diseases  ?  Mix,  to  mingle  things. 

a,  ed,  ing,  er s,  cd,  ing 

Bleed,  to  take  away  blood  by  open-  Bray,  to  pound  in  a  mortar, 

ing  a  vein.  «,  ed,  ing 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY.  125 

Blister,  to  raise  a  blister  by  a  hurt,  discharge  of  blood  or  water. 

burn,  or  medical  plaster.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  iiig Lkecii,  to  bleed  by  leeches. 

Cup,  to  apply  a  glass  to  procure  a    s,  ed,  ing 


ONE     HTINDEED     AND     T  W  E  N  T  Y  -  SE  V  ENTH     STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF  THE   TEACHER. 

To  instruct  and  train  the  soul  is  the  noblest  calling  on 
earth.  It  embraces  the  interests  of  man  in  time  and  eter- 
nity. 

Teach,  to  impart  knowledge.  Un ■,  to  open  out,  to  reveaL 

Is  it  easy  to  teach  children  f  Read,  to  utter  written  letters  and 


-s,  ing,  er words. 


Taught,  did 5,  ing,er 

Show,  to  present  to  view.  Read,  did 

s,  ed,  ing Write,  to  form  letters  and  words. 

Form,  to  give  shape  or  outline.  s,  ing,  er 

-s,  ed,  ing Wrote,  did 


Stbength,  power  of  body  or  mind.        Reckon,  to  count  by  figures. 

en,  to  make  strong.  s,  ed,  ing,  er  • 

s,  ed,  ing  "  Rule,  to  govern  and  guide. 


Fold,  to  lap  up  in  folds.  s,  ed,  ing,  er 

s,  ed,  ing,  er 

ONE     HUNDRED     AND     T  W  E  N  T  Y  -  E  I  G  HT  H     STUDY. 

actions  of  the  artist. 

The  love  of  beauty  is  part  of  our  nature,  and,  in  some 
cases,  leads  to  the  fine  arts. 

Draw,  to  represent  or  picture  by    s,  ed,  ing,  er 

lines.  Carve,   to   cut  wood  or  stone   into 

Can  you  draw  objects  ?  some  shape. 

s,  ing,  er 5,  ed,  ing,  er — 

Drew,  did -•                        ■  Sixa,  to  utter  sweet  sounds,  to  tell 

Pipe,  to  play  on  a  wind  instrument  something  in  verse. 

— — «,  ed,  ing,  er s,  ing,  er  r—. — 

Habp,  to  play  on  the  harp.  Sang,  did 


126  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGEAPHY. 

Dkaft,  to  draw  the  outline.                     Blend,  to  mingle  together. 
s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 


-sman,  a  man  who 


ONE     nUNDEED     AND     TWENTY-NINTH     S  T  TT  D  T  . 
ACTIONS   OF   MINERALS. 

Minerals  have  a  kind  of  life,  made  up  of  simple  actions. 

Glisten,  to  shine  with  light.  s,  fd,  ing,  y,  ineas • 

Does  gold  glisten  ?  Glitter,  to  si)a!-klo  with  light. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 

Rust,  to  become  rusty  bj  exposure t6  Dwindle,  to  become  less. 

air.  s,  ed,  ing 


ONE     nUNDRED     AND     THIETIETH     S  T  TJ  D  Y . 
ACTIONS   OF  PLANTS. 

Plants  are  living  things.     Many  and  pleasing  are  their 
acts. 

Gkow,  to  enlarge  in  size.                          Droop,  to  hang  downward. 
Do  all  plants  grow  ?  s,  ed,  ing 


ing Clothe,  to  cover,  as  rocks  on  the  earth. 


Grew,  did s,  ed,  trig 

Leaf,  to  put  forth  leaves.  Feed,  to  supply  food. 

Blossom,  to  put  forth  flowers.  Fed,  did 

s,  ed,  ing Die,  to  pass  from  life. 


Seed,  to  grow  and  produce  seed.  s,  ed,  ing  

— >■ — s,  ed,  ing Eustle,  to  make  quiclc,  small  sounds. 


"Wither,  to  fade  or  lose  its  freshness.      s,  cd,  ing 

s,  ed,  iyig 

ONE     HUNDRED     AND     THIRTY-FIRST     STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 

The  fireside  and  barn-yard  have  their  actors  in  dumb 
animals. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGKAPHY.  127 


Bellow,  to  make  a  lioUow  loud  noise.     s,  ed,  ing 


Does  the  bull  bellow  ?  Bray,  to  make  a  harsh,  loud  sound, 

-s,  ed,  ing as  an  ass. 


Low,  to  make  a  low  noise,  as  a  cow.      .5,  ed,  ing 

■■?,  ed,  ing Gkaze,  to  eat  grass,  to  supply  cattle 

Bleat,  to  cry  as  a  sheep.  with  grass. 

,s,  ed,  ing .s,  ed,  ing 

Bark,  to  make  a  sharp,  snapping  noise,  Wag,  to  move  one  way  and  another, 

as  a  dog.  as  the  tail. 

s,  ed,  rng s,  ed,  ing 

Worry,  to  harass,  or  tear,  as  a  dog.  Lick,  to  draw  the  tongue  over. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 

WiiLVE,  to  make  a  crying  sound,  as  a  Crow,  to  make  the  noise  of  the  cock. 

dog.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing Cluck,  to  utter  the  sound  of  a  hen 


Fawn,  to  court  favor,  as  a  dog.  while  hatching. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 

Neigh,  to  utter  the  sound  of  a  horse. 

ONE     nUNDEED     AND     THIE  T  Y -S  E  0  ON  D     STUDY. 
ACTIONS   OF  WILD   ANIMALS. 

The  deserts  and  forests  are  alive  with  active,  living  crea- 
tares. 

Roar,  to  make  a  continuous  noise,  as    s,  ing 

a  lion.  Crept,  did 

Does  the  lion  roar  for  food  ?  Spring,  to  move  with  violence. 

s,  cd,  ing s,  iiig 

Grin,  to  open  the  mouth  and  set  the  Sprang,  did 

teeth.  Tear,  to  separate  or  destroy. 

IIiss,  to  make  a  hissing  sound,  as  a     Tore,  did 

serpent.  Burrow,  to  hollow  a  place  or  bed  in 

'-"—    s,  ed,  ing '  the  earth. 

Croak,  to  make  a  low,  hoarse  noise, s,  ed,  ing 

as  the  frog.  Climb,  to  creep  up  a  tree  or  rock. 

•s,  ed,  ing,  er s,  cd,  ing 


Bristle,  to  erect  the  hair,  as  swine.        Suck,  to  draw  out  milk  or  blood  with 

s,  ed,  ing the  mouth. 

Creep,  to  move  slowly,  or  on  the  belly. s,  ed,  ing  


128  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXOK  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

ONE     HUNDEED     AND     THIETY-THIED     STUDY. 

ACTIONS    OF   BIRDS. 

The  bird  is  a  thing  of  beauty.  All  its  doings  are  pleasing, 
and  add  mucli  to  the  life  and  pleasure  of  every  spot,  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth. 

Fly,  to  move  by  the  wings.  Scream,  to  utter  a  shrill  loud  cry,  as 

Does  the  eagle  fly  high  ?  an  eagle. 


-s,  inq -  s,  ed,  ivg 


Flew,  did Pick,  to  pluck  or  pull  off  any  thing. 

Hop,  to  spring  on  the  feet,  as  a  bird.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  eri,  ing Lay,  to  bring  forth,  as  eggs. 

Swoop,  to  seize  on  the  wing.  Mount,  to  soar  on  high. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 

Flutter,  to  move  and  flap  the  wings.  Light,  to  get  down,  as  a  bird. 
s,  ed,  ing A ,  to  get  down  upon. 

ONE     HUNDRED     AND     T  H  I  R  T  Y  -  F  O  U  E  T  H     STUDY. 
ACTIONS    OF   THE    EARTH. 

The  world,  on  which  we  live,  is  a  moving  world.     Every 
part  of  it  is  in  motion,  and  has  its  work  to  do. 

Turn,  to  move  in  a  circular  course.  Swarm,  to  throng  and  herd  in  crowds. 

Does  the  earth  turn  on  its  axis  ?  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing  Swell,  to  rise  in  billows. 

Whirl,  to  roll  rapidly.  s,  ed,  ing 


s,  ed,  ing  Ooze,  to  trickle  out,  as  water. 

Glide,  to  pass  on  rapidly  but  smooth-  s,  ed,  ing 

ly.  Flow,  to  glide  along,  as  water. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 

Float,  to  be  borne  along  on  water  or  Sprout,  to  spring  f^rth,  as  grass. 

in  the  air.  s,  ed,  ing 

s,  ed.  ing Bear,  to  bring  forth,  as  young. 

Quake,  to  shake  or  tremble.  -s,  ing 

s,  ed,  ing Bore,  did 

Teem,  to  swarm  with  life.  Freeze,  to  congeal  or  harden  into  ice. 
s,  ed,  ing s,  ing 


STUDIES  li^  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGKAPHY.  129 

ONE     HUITDRED     AND     THIETT-FIFTH     STUDY. 
ACTIONS    OF   THE   HEAVENS. 

The  heavens  above  us  are  ever  marked  with,  wonderful 
doings. 

Hang,  to  suspend.  Wheel,  to  roll  forward. 

Over ,  to  hang  over.  .s,  ed,  hig  

Do  the  heavens  overliang the  earth?  Rise,  to  move  or  pass  upwards. 

s,  ing s,  ing 

Hung,  did Rose,  did 

"Water,  to  pour  out,  as  rain.  Set,  to  sink  or  pass  below  the  horizon. 


-s,  ed,  ing s,  ing 


Shade,  to  screen  from  the  light.  Twinkle,  to  sparkle  at  intervals. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 

Dazzle,  to  overpower  with  light.  Thaw,  to  melt,  or  become  fluid. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 

Glitter,  to  sparkle  with  light.  Sprinkle,  to  scatter,  as  rain. 
s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing  ■ 

ONE     HFXDEED     AND     THIETY-SIXTH     STUDY. 
ACTIONS    OF    GOD. 

He  doeth  all  things  well. 

Make,  to  form  or  fashion.  Hold,  to  keep  or  bind  fast  or  together. 

Did  God  make  the  earth  ?  Up ,  to  bear  or  keep  up. 

s,  ing,  er s,  ing 

Made,  did Keep,  to  hold  and  retain. 

Lay,  to  settle  or  fix  as  a  foundation.  Curse,  to  pronounce  and  make  miser- 

— —s,  ing able. 

Laid,  did s,  ed,  ing 

Rear,  to  raise,  as  a  building.  Bless,  to  pronounce  and  make  happy. 

s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 

Fix,  to  make  firm.  Atone,  to  satisfy  and  reconcile. 
s,  ed,  ing s,  ed,  ing 


6* 


130 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON   ORTHOGKAPHY. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

EVENTS. 

The  life  of  the  world  and  all  that  it  contains  is  made  up 
of  events.  In  these,  actions  have  their  end.  As  the  growth 
of  the  plant  is  perfected  in  the  production  of  its  seed,  so 
the  acts  of  all  things  are  completed  in  a  few  striking  events. 
Some  of  these  were  noticed  and  recorded  by  the  Saxons, 
and  are  still  found  among  the  relics  of  their  language.  To 
gather  them  up  and  weave  their  names  with  our  earliest 
speech,  is  a  happy  view  of  education. 


ONE     HTJNDEED     AND     T  H  IE  T  T  -  S  E  VE  N  T  H     STUDY. 
EVENTS    OF   THE   HOUSEHOLD. 

There  are  events  enough  in  every  family  to  form  an  in- 
structive history. 


Wed,  to  unite  in  marriage. 

Do    men   and   women   wed    each 
other  ? 

s,  cd,  ing 

"Wedding,  a  marriage. 

Birth,  coming  into  life. 

Work,  labor  of  any  kind. 

ing,  tlie  act 

Play,  sport  or  amusement. 

ing,  the  act  of 

Sleep,  rest  bj  suspending  active  pow- 
ers. 

ing,  the  act 

Breakfast,  the  first  meal  in  the  daj. 

iyig,  the  act 

Sick,  affected  with  disease. 

ness,  state  of 

Teach,  to  instruct  by  giving  know- 
ledge. 


-ing,  the  act  of  instructing. 


Learn,  to  receive  knowledge. 

ing,  the  act  of  getting  know- 
ledge. 

Clothe,  to  cover  the  body  with  gar- 
ments. 

ing,  covering  with  garments. 

Feed,  to  give  food. 

ing,  the  act  of  taking  food. 

Welcome,  to  receive  and  entertain 
gladly. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Welcome,  a  salutation. 

Farewell,  a  wish  of  happiness  at 
parting. 

Burt,  to  place  a  dead  person  in  a 
grave. 

s,  ed,  ing 


STUDIES  IN  AKGLO-SAXOIT  ORTHOGRAPHY.  131 

ON-E     HUNDllED     AND     THIETY-EIOIITH     STTDY. 
EVENTS    IN    THE    OCCUPATIONS    OF   MAN. 

Every  pursuit  of  life  lias  its  events.     Some  of  these  are 
of  general  interest,  and  sliould  be  noticed  by  all. 

i^EED-ir.,/^,  the  season  for  sowing.  Shipweeck,  the  easting  away  of  a  ship. 

Is    3j)fing    the    seed-time   of   tlie  Set,,  to  place  firm,  or  on  a  basis. 

year  i  Over ,  to  turn  over ■ 

Harvest,    tde   season   for   gathering  Fall,  the    act    of  dropping   from  a 

crops.  liigh  place. 

ko)A€^  jhe  song  and  feasting  "Wound,  a  hurt  of  any  kind. 

'     at  tne  end  ti  harvest.  Begin,  to  commence. 

^isowiNG,  the  aci  >f  seeding  a  field. s,  ing 

iIaevesting,    thi    act    of   gathering  Beginning,  the  first  of  any  thing. 

crops.  End,  the  last  of  a  thing. 

t>LiGUT,  a  disease  liat  nips  plants  or  Lose,  to  pass  from  our  possession. 

grain.  s,  ing 

iEiLDEW,  a  while  c  >  iting  on  plants,     Lost,  did 

producing  aejay.  Loss,  privation  of  a  thing. 

VvUST,  a  disease  in  ^v.im  produced  by  Fire,  the  burning  of  any  thing,  as  a 

lichens.  house. 

ONE     n\711I'RED     AND     THIETT-NINXn     STUDY. 
NATURAL    EVENTS    OF   THE    EARTH. 

Ik  the  coursr,  of  things,  striking  changes  pass  upon  the 
oarth.     Events  C/Ccur  that  must  be  noticed. 

Cold,  the  want  of  Le«t.  Summer,  the  flowering  of  the  earth — 

Is  printer  cold  ?  the  season  of  heat. 

Heat,  a  state  of  warmth.  Fall,  the  decay  of  the  leaf — the  sea- 

Dav,  the  time  when  the  sun  is  with  son  of  decay. 

us.  Winter,  the  sleep  of  the  earth — the 

KiGHT,  the  time  when  the  sun  is  ab-  season  of  cold. 

sent.  "Wind,  the  air  in  motion. 

Spring,  the  budding  of  the   earth —  Blast,  a  gust  of  wind, 

the  season  of  buds.  Breeze,  a  gentle  gust  of  wind. 


132 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OETHOGRAPHY. 


Storm,  a  violent  action  of  wind  and 

rain. 
Shower,  a  fall  of  rain. 
Hail,  a  fall  of  frozen  rain. 
Sxow,  a  fall  of  frozen  vapor. 
Ice,  water  frozen  solid. 
Frost,  frozen  mist  or  fog. 
Mist,    water   falling   in    very  small 

drops. 
Dew,   moisture  condensed  from  the 

air. 


Flood,  a  great  flow  of  water. 
Wave,  a  moving  swell  of  water. 
Tide,  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  waters 

of  the  sea. 
Land-slip,  a  movement  of  land. 
Earthquake,  a  trembling  of  the  eartli. 
Spring,  a  bubbling  up  of  water. 
Boiling-spring,  a  heaving  up  of  hot 

water. 
Fall,  a  descent  of  water. 


ONE     nUNDEED     AND     rORTIETH 


NATURAL    EVENTS    OF   THE    HEAVENS. 


Men,  in  all  ages,  have  looked  with  interest  on  the  hea- 
vens. The  bright  noon  and  the  starry  night  have  unfolded 
wonders  to  the  eye  of  man. 


Light,  that  by  which  we  see. 
Is  light  pleasant  to  the  eye  ? 

Sun ,  the  light 

Moon ,  the  light 

Star ,  the  light 

Twilight,  the  faint  light  of  the  sun 

before  rising  and  after  setting. 
Dark,  obscui-e,  or  without  light. 

ness,  the  state 

Cloud,  a  mass  of  visible  vapor. 
Dawn,  the  break  of  day. 

uvy-way,  a  broad  luminous  belt  in 
0  heavens. 
'.  the  point  of  the  heavens  where 
orth  star  appears. 

— ern,  belonging 

light  a,  lights 

Shoot,  to  dart  rapidly. 
s,  nil) 


Shooting-stars,     meteors    like    stars 

that  dart  across  the  sky. 
Thunder,  the  sound  that  follows  the 

flash  of  lightning. 
STORM,  a  storm  of  rain  and 

thunder. 
cloud,  a  cloud 


Lightning,  a  flash  of  light  known  as 
a  dischai-ge  of  electricity  from  one 
cloud  to  another. 

SuNRisp,  the  appearance  of  the  sun. 

Sunset,  the  going  down  of  the  sun. 

New  Moon,  the  moon  when  first  seen. 

Full  Moon,  the  moon  as  seen  oppo- 
site the  sun. 

Rainbow,  a  bow  of  seven  colors 
formed  by  light  and  rain  in  the 
heavens. 


STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


133 


ONE     HUNDRED     AND     FOETY-FIRST     STTIDY. 


EVENTS    OF   GOD. 


The  Creator  is  revealed  to  us  by  events.  His  power  and 
wisdom  and  love  have  wrought  wonders  in  behalf  of  man. 
Some  of  these  are  recorded  in  the  Saxon  part  of  our  lan- 
guage. 


Earth,  the  globe  which  we  inhabit. 

Is  the  earth  the  work  of  God  ? 
Heavex,  the  sky  or  air. 
Sun,  the  great  body  that  lights  the 

earth  by  day. 
Moon,  the  body  that  lights  the  earth 

by  night. 
Stars,  the  bright  bodies  that  appear 

in  the  sky  at  night. 
World,  the  universe,  or  the  earth  and 

heavens. 
Man,  the  race  of  beings  to  which  we 

belong — God's  image  on  earth. 
Fall,   the  ruin  of  the  race  by  sin — 

the  loss  of  the  Divine  image  per- 
mitted by  God. 
Gospel,  good  news  from  God  to  man. 
Daysman,  one  who  lays  his  hand  on 

opposite  parties  and  brings  them 

together — a  mediator. 
Atonement,  removal  of  sin  by  the 

obedience  of  a  mediator. 
Give,  to  bestow. 


For ,  to  give  away  or  pardon. 

ness,  the  pardon  of  an  of 

fender. 
Right,  according  to  law  or  truth. 
eous,  full  of 


-ness,  the  state  of 


Peace,  rest  from  all  disturbance. 
Holt,  free  from  sin. 

ness,  state  of 

Death,  the  end  of  life  on  earth. 
Grave,  the  place  of  the  dead. 
YARD,  an  inclosed  place  — 


God's  Acre,  the  field  of  God — the 
Saxon  phrase  for  a  grave-yard. 

Court,  a  place  of  justice. 

Doom,  to  judge,  to  pronounce  sen- 
tence. 

s,  ed,  ing 

Hell,  a  deep,  covered  place — the 
abode  of  the  wicked. 

Heaven,  a  high  and  honorable  place 
— the  abode  of  God  and  holy  be- 
ings. 


ONE    HUNDRED    AND    FORTY-SECOND     STUDY. 


The  end  of  the  Hand-Book  of  Anglo-Saxon  Orthography 
is  reached.  The  course  was  agreeable  as  well  as  useful. 
Every  step  had  a  freshness  and  interest  that  readily  claimed 


134  STUDIES  IN  ANGLO-SAXON  OKTHOGRAPHY. 

attention.  We  look  back  with  pleasure,  and  feel  tliat  we 
have  gathered  up  a  large  amount  of  knowledge  for  future 
years. 

The  review  is  profitable.  If  the  child  has  paid  due 
attention  to  ''The  Instructions,"  he  has  learned  nearly 
all  that  is  to  be  known  about  the  Anglo-Saxon  portion  of 
his  language.  The  formation  of  words  is  known  :  termina- 
iionsj  suffixes  J  and  prefixes  are  at  his  command.  If  he  has 
given  proper  thought  to  "The  Studies,"  the  leading  words 
of  Anglo-Saxon  origin  are  understood — some  five  thou- 
sand in  number.  He  has  the  chief  materials  that  form 
the  language  of  the  Bible,  the  Pilgrim's  Progress,  and  the 
Speeches  of  Daniel  Webster. 

These  are  happy  considerations.  They  awaken  desire 
and  hope.  The  future  is  still  before  us,  and  invites  to  new 
studies.  Words  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin  do  not  compose  the 
whole  English  language.  They  form  its  hasis  only.  Thou- 
sands have  been  received  from  other  sources,  and  are  now 
to  be  studied.  The  Hand-Book  of  the  Gothic,  Celtic, 
French,  and  Classic  words  of  our  language  remains  to  be 
taken  up,  in  order  to  complete  the  course  of  studies  in 
Orthography. 

These  two  Hand-Books,  it  is  believed,  will  give  a  new 
interest  and  importance  to  words.  Orthography  takes  the 
form  of  a  charming  science.  It  is  no  longer  meagre  spelling, 
or  a  dry  analysis  of  disconnected  words.  It  is  a  classified 
view  of  the  words  of  our  language.  They  appear  in  fami- 
lies, arranged  according  to  their  parentage,  retaining  their 
national  origin,  and  standing  in  close  union  with  the  things 
which  they  represent.  The  course  is  a  complete  one.  Every 
leading  object  of  thought  stands  forth  in  connection  with 
the  words  of  a  rich  and  happy  language. 


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